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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Beyond the heat exchanger, parabolic trough plants are just conventional steam plants. It is for this reason that parabolic trough plants, like power towers, can use heat storage with molten salt, or hybridization with fossil fuel, to generate electricity when the sun does not shine. The rel- atively low operating temperature of the parabolic trough steam cycle at 400°C (750°F) com- pared to conventional thermal power stations, or even power towers, limits the efficiency of the plant. This lower operating temperature also results in a lower heat storage cycling efficiency than what can be achieved with power towers. Several commercial units with sizes up to 80 MW have been built and still operate today (“The 354-MW SEGS Power Plants”). Detailed cost and performance data for parabolic trough plants are summarized in Exhibit 40. Heat storage for new parabolic trough plants will be accomplished using molten-salt storage. This technology, which was demonstrated with power towers, has not yet seen a commercial application, but it promises to be more economical and safer than the original technology employed at one of the SEGS parabolic trough plants. One of the first SEGS parabolic trough plants used Caloria, a mineral oil, for heat storage, which, like the heat transfer fluid in the col- lectors of the troughs, is a highly flammable liquid. This 13-MW plant provided three hours of heat storage, but an accident set the storage unit on fire and destroyed it. This points to a general hazard at parabolic trough plants. The heat transfer fluid in the heat-col- lecting elements of the solar field is currently a highly flammable organic compound, which is also used in the petrochemical industry. Fires, therefore, pose a danger to parabolic trough plants. However, a similar fire hazard exists at many industrial facilities that handle flammable liq- uids, including refineries. Like a conventional steam plant, parabolic trough plants require large amounts of cooling water, which may be difficult to obtain in the desert where solar power plants will be located. Power towers have similar cooling water requirements. Only dish Stirling and PV technologies do not require cooling water. Improvement in Heat Collector Efficiency During a site visit at Kramer Junction, California, RDI Consulting toured the SEGS parabolic trough plants. Sunray Energy operates units I and II, and the Kramer Junction Co. (KJC) operates units III through VII, while units VIII and IX, a few miles down the road, are operated by FPL Energy. The KJC and the FPL units recently received a row of new heat collecting elements (HCE) from the manufacturer SOLEL, a vestige of the former LUZ development company. And at both plants, the plant operators confirmed that the new elements had increased the heat collection efficiency of the HCE by about 18%. This is a significant improvement in the performance of parabolic trough plants and equivalent to a capital cost reduction of the solar field. 85PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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