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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Dish Stirling A dish Stirling system consists of a parabolic-shaped point focus concentrator in the form of a dish that reflects solar radiation onto a receiver mounted at the focal point. These concentrators are mounted on a pedestal and can pivot on two axes to follow the sun. This two-axis tracking mechanism allows the capture of the highest amount of solar energy at any time possible. A schematic of the dish Stirling principle is shown in Exhibit 41, and a photo of a dish Stirling sys- tem owned and operated by Stirling Energy Systems (SES) is shown in Exhibit 42. The concentrated heat is utilized directly by a heat engine mounted on the receiver, which moves with the dish structure. Stirling cycle engines are currently favored for power conversion. All practical and commercial dish systems currently use Stirling engines. Dish Stirling systems achieve peak efficiencies of up to 30% (net). The typical value for a unit’s peak electrical output is about 25 kW. Conceptually, the dish Stirling system is the simplest of all thermal solar technologies, but the Stirling motor that converts the heat is a sophisticated closed-cycle motor that is highly special- ized for this application. Stirling motors are not found in many applications. They are used as an ultra-quiet motor in attack submarines and for small power generation units (gen-sets). However, market penetration of Stirling gen-sets is marginal due to the dominance of the combustion motor (diesel gen-sets). Stirling motors have accumulated tens of thousands of operating hours on dish Stirling systems; one dish Stirling unit owned and operated by SES is 17 years old and demonstrates that most of the materials that were used are durable. This system has operated, albeit with interruptions, for over a decade and a half. Newer units, manufactured for Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC) by STM Power, have not worked quite as reliably as expected, and this has raised ques- tions about Stirling motor reliability. The motors used by SAIC and manufactured by STM Power are different from the motors used by SES but there are some concerns as to whether new units based on SES’ design will work as well as its existing motors that were built over a decade ago. Exhibit 41: Design of a Dish Stirling System SOURCE: Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkinton Solar International, 1996. Used with permission. 87PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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