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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Parabolic trough plants and power towers, in contrast, are large industrial facilities. Economies of scale suggest that unit size should be about 100 MW (electrical). For a parabolic trough, the heat transfer fluid used in the heat-collecting elements of the solar field is currently a highly volatile organic compound and is hazardous. Because fires in parabolic trough plants are serious threats (and have occurred), these facilities must be built away from residential or industrial areas, with associated investments in transmission lines. Also, land below the solar collectors needs to be kept free of all vegetation in order to avoid grass or brush fires that would have the potential to destroy the solar plant. This weed control is currently done using herbicides, which may concern local environmental agencies as well as customers who are shopping for green power. Wind loading is also a greater problem for parabolic trough than for dish Stirling units. Power towers avoid the hazardous heat transfer fluid by using molten salt. The salt is non-toxic and, in fact, is used as a plant fertilizer. Soil sterilization is not required because the focal point of the mirrors is at the top of the power towers—far off the ground—and no volatile heat transfer fluids are present. Of all CSP technologies, power towers are the most visible due to the tall receiver tower, and they occupy more land per megawatt-hour produced than any other CSP tech- nology. Parabolic trough plants and power towers also require large amounts of cooling water—com- mensurate with those of other steam plants, for example, coal. Only natural gas–fired combined cycle plants can achieve lower water requirements, and they only consume about one-half to one-third of the cooling water required by a steam plant. Solar resources are greatest in desert areas, but here water is a scarce and precious commodity. Therefore, the fact that cooling water is required for parabolic troughs and power towers is a big drawback for these technolo- gies. Both power technologies could, however, address this issue by employing dry cooling or a mix of dry and wet cooling. However, these technologies, which are available to any thermal power plant—solar, coal, or nuclear—result in a higher parasitic load and thus in a lower net effi- ciency of the plant. Parabolic trough plants and power towers can incorporate heat storage and fossil fuel hybridiza- tion, which allows them to displace existing capacity from the market, as we have shown in the section, “Using Supplemental Off-Sun Power.” Their ability to dispatch power also allows them to earn a higher average price for power. The monthly energy production of parabolic trough plants is more seasonal than for other CSP technologies. Parabolic troughs show a much greater drop in output toward the winter than dish Stirling, CPV, and power towers. This is because the latter three technologies use two-axis track- ing systems while the solar fields of a parabolic trough plant are composed of rows of parabolic troughs that only pivot on one axis. This results in less efficient tracking of the sun in general and in particular during the winter months. The efficiency of dish Stirling power plants is the highest of all solar technologies, and as little as four acres of land are required per megawatt of power. This means that a dish Stirling sys- 90PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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