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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY tem can produce 60% more solar electric energy on the same plot of land than, for example, a parabolic trough plant. It is our view that an emerging solar power market will shake out the mix of solar power generat- ing technologies. Dish Stirling, CPV, parabolic trough, and power tower are such fundamentally different technologies that all could have a place in the market, at least initially. The optimal sup- ply solution will be influenced by many factors, including economics, aesthetics, environmental concerns, availability of cooling water, practicality, safety, and funding. Nevertheless, CPV and dish Stirling will be in direct competition, as will power towers and parabolic troughs. Existing Solar Power Plants in the West While PV cells are often associated with solar power, only 2.5 MW of utility PV solar power oper- ate in the West. The majority of this capacity has been built under the TEAM-UP program of the Solar Electric Power Association since 1996.8 The largest facility is a 1-MW PV system owned and operated by the Sacramento (California) Municipal Utility District. In contrast, nine units of thermal solar plants using parabolic troughs located in the Mojave Desert near Kramer Junction, Daggett, and Harper Lake in California have been delivering 354 MW of power to Southern California Edison (SCE) for over a decade. The parabolic trough plants are hybridized with natural gas and can deliver round-the-clock power. However, by U.S. federal law, the energy supplied by natural gas is limited to 25% of the total effective annual thermal plant energy output. During California’s energy crisis in 2000 and 2001, these plants were able to forgo the use of natural gas and continue to deliver power to SCE, thus providing a hedge against volatile fuel prices. The 354-MW SEGS Power Plants The 354 MW of parabolic trough solar power plants, called Solar Electric Generation System (SEGS), in the California Mojave Desert in the vicinity of Barstow, were built over a seven-year period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The plants were developed by LUZ International Ltd., a U.S. firm with strong ties to Israel, and each plant is owned by a separate limited partnership. Over the course of the project development, the unit size increased from 13.8 MW to 80 MW. The first unit had a capacity of 13.8 MW; six subsequent units were 30 MW each; and the last two units had a capacity of 80 MW each. SEGS I had two large (hot and cold) storage tanks for heat storage that allowed the plant to operate off-sun for nearly three hours at full load. Subsequent plants utilized a gas-fired boiler or heater to selectively supplement solar electricity production during peak demand periods. In the 1980s, the state of California strongly encouraged renewable power production. As a reac- tion to the second oil price crisis, when the crude oil price rose to nearly US$40 per barrel, tax incentives were given to independent renewable power projects. Further, the California Energy 91PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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