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important differences; geothermal fluid should be drained of all its energy before returning it to the earth, whereas solar heating fluids are recirculated through the troughs; high residual heat means lower new solar heat required. This study performed an optimization between ORC systems and solar troughs. Several important thermodynamic variations were identified, with efficiency and operating considerations. In the same vein, several solar thermal fluids and several ORC fluids were considered, with several, cascade and multiple cascade cycles. Another variable considered was the series-parallel arrangement of trough assemblies and the impact they have on the cycles being evaluated. A STORES plant that is technically optimized is a two tier cascade system, with toluene as the upper working fluid and butane as the lower working fluid. The solar heat fluid (HTF) with this system is Therminol VP-1, similar to most of the SEGS plants. These plants would be capable of automatic startup, safe shutdown, and regulation with varying solar conditions. They may not produce as much as manned power plants, but the savings in labor would more than compensate for the loss of a few kilowatt hours each day. The plants would not require any other fuel, and use only small amounts of electricity when they are not in operation. The Market for STORES Plants An important part of the study was to determine whether there is a market for STORES power plants. Without a market, the best technologies will fail. The first attempt was to find off-grid communities in the Southwestern US that could benefit from 1 to 10 MW of electricity. The plant would include storage, allowing delivery of power around the clock. The notion was that off-grid consumers are often willing to pay much higher prices for electricity. This effort was not successful. The investigation found that all communities that could use a megawatt or more were already hooked up to the grid. While there is no market for STORES power plants off-grid in the U.S., it is quite likely that in the Saharan region of Africa and in the middle-east, there are several remote communities that do not have electricity at all, and would benefit from STORES power plants that have built-in storage. viiPDF Image | Solar Trough Organic Rankine Electricity System (STORES) Stage 1: Power Plant Optimization and Economics
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