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Introduction Recent focus on renewable power production has renewed interest in looking into Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems. Early studies in OTEC applicability indicate that the Island of Hawaii offers a potential market for a nominal 40-MWe system. However, a 40-MW system represents a large leap in the current state of OTEC technology with the associated risks, considering that the largest net-power producing system was tested at a power level of only 200 kWe in the 1990s [Bharathan 1990]. Smaller sized plants on the order of 1 to 2 MWe should be pursued first. Lockheed Martin Inc., under US Navy funding, is currently developing a 10-MWe system design [Lockheed 2009]. With estimated capital cost per capacity ranging from 10,000$/kWe to 15,000$/kWe [Vega 2003] or more, it is essential that the potential risks associated with the first-of-the-kind plant be minimized. Every means for cost reduction must also be pursued without adding potential risks. Considering that majority of the costs are associated with the seawater systems, maximum use of the resource water takes on a high- importance. It is with this in mind that we take on this short study to assess the potential for increasing return on the investment both in terms of effective use of the seawater and of reducing equipment costs. Approach Many potential thermodynamic cycles have been investigated with the aim of reducing the overall cost for OTEC. Those include the familiar Rankine cycle, the open or Claude cycle, and others, such as mist-lift cycle [Ridgeway 1980], Kalina cycle [Kalina 1984] and Uehara [Uehara 1999] cycle, among others. On account its well-established practice in the engineering community we confine our analyses to the closed Rankine cycle at this time. With respect to the working fluid, ammonia remains the fluid of choice for OTEC closed-cycle systems, even though other fluids such as propylene and various refrigerants have been looked into in the literature. We analyze power systems that use ammonia as the working fluid. At OTEC conditions, there is considerable amount experimental data available for heat exchangers that use ammonia and seawater, both for boiling and condensation [see for example, Panchal 1981]. Studies have also addressed qualification of aluminum alloys and methods for mitigation of biofouling [Panchal 1990]. Having made these practical and less-risky choices of ammonia and Rankine cycle, options to increase power yield from the seawater resources come in the form of staging the cycles. Staging allows maximum potential extraction of heat and power from a set of given resources. Many researchers have studied staging power cycles. Figure 1 illustrates the nature of staging. A temperature-entropy (T-S) diagram shows both a single-stage and a two-stage Carnot cycles. Advantages of staging is best illustrated with Carnot cycles, without any loss of applicability. Both cooling and heating lines for the warm and cold seawater are indicated in this figure. The single stage working fluid state points are indicated by points ABCD. The area within this rectangle represents the amount of power that can be generated from that cycle. The temperature approach at points A and C are dictated by the minimal internal temperature approach (MITA) on the evaporator and condenser, respectively. If the cycle is staged as two separate cycles, indicated by the rectangles, AFJK and GHCI, one can 1PDF Image | Staging Rankine Cycles Using Ammonia for OTEC Power Production
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