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For the residential scenario, there is about 4 times more excess energy than required, which means that one PS-35 could supply more than one household with an Adsorption TES for winter space heating needs or even be used to also supply the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) needs. If we were to include DHW needs for the entire year, the PS-35 would still be able to deliver, but the adsorbent bed required would be 25 m3. For the 10 storey building and the retail/office building, the excess summer heat is just enough to supply the regeneration of the TES and store enough energy for the winter needs. These large buildings are very likely to have enough area on their roof or somewhere else on their property to put the concentrating solar panels as well as the adsorbent bed necessary. It is possible to minimize the size of the adsorbent bed size by upgrading the regeneration heat from 100°C to 250°C by supplementary heating such as off-peak electricity or petroleum fuels. By increasing the regeneration temperature, the energy density is also increased which decreases the size of the adsorbent bed required to store the same amount of energy. However, this adds an operating cost for electricity or fuel usage. At 250°C, the energy density of the adsorbent is 200kWh/m3 and has an efficiency of 30% (from Figure 1 and Figure 2). Upgrading with supplementary heat can reduce the adsorbent bed size by 25%. Although the size requirements for adsorption TES are still larger than conventional heating, it is a considerable improvement over the competing methods of thermal energy storage as can be seen in Figure 4 for the residential scenario. 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 HAydsborpitdion(T1E0S0°C) WS e an st i eb l er T E S WCoonvoendtional Heating Hybrid Hybrid (100°C) (250°C) Water Rock <100°C > 300°C Wood PCM PCM Figure 4: TES size comparison for the proposed household being studied: Water 60kWh/m3 [8], Rock 40 kWh/m3 [8], <100°C PCM 56kWh/m3 [1], >300°C PCM 300kWh/m3 [4], Wood 15-19 MJ/kg [7] Sensible storage systems, such as water, rock, or Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have very low energy densities and as a result require large volumes to achieve the same level of energy storage. High temperature PCMs have much higher energy density but require temperatures above 300°C, which is not useful for residential solar panels. It must also be recognized that energy storage through sensible TES degrades with time and would 6 Storage Volume (m3)PDF Image | Study of Adsorbent Energy Density and Regeneration for Long Term Thermal Energy Storage
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