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b) Operation with Disconnection from the Electrical Grid Although the previously described operating mode assumes synchronous grid connection, the more realistic mode would be a disconnection from the grid following the reactor scram. However, sudden disconnection from the grid is not recommended, since initially almost full power (250 MWt in the ABTR case) is still delivered to the S-CO2 cycle. Therefore, full generator power (100 MWe) would be applied to the turbomachinery quickly accelerating its rotation and probably causing rotor damage. Thus, in this simulation, the net generator power is first reduced to zero by the means of the Brayton cycle control system and then the generator is disconnected from the grid. This way, there is almost no power imbalance in the turbogenerator shaft at the time of disconnection such that its rotational speed could be safely maintained. It is assumed that the generator power is reduced to zero during first 10 seconds of the transient. The results of the simulation of operation in this mode are presented in Figure 8. The results show that CO2 flow through the main HX and the heat removal are present during the transient. The compressors maintain CO2 circulation during the transient. The maximum variation in the shaft rotational speed does not exceed 2.5 %. The assumed generator power reduction rate – 100 % in 10 seconds or 10 %/s is far larger than any normal operational transients the control system was optimized for; thus some oscillations are observed in the shaft rotational speed and CO2 flow rates at the beginning of the transient. Similar to the previous case, the S-CO2 cycle control system could not maintain supercritical conditions at the main compressor inlet. The turbine bypass control action initially almost fully opens the bypass valve to compensate for the difference between the turbine output and cumulative compressor power consumption to control the shaft rotational speed. This action, however, reduces over time as the turbine output is reduced by the diminishing heat addition to the cycle. The action reaches almost zero bypass flow at the end of the simulation (400 s) meaning that almost no excess power is produced by the turbine at this point. Once the turbine excess power reaches zero, which is estimated to occur around 410 to 420 seconds into the transient, the turbine would not be able to maintain compressor rotation and the CO2 circulation will stop shortly after that. Thus, the transition to the shutdown heat removal loop operation should occur during the first 400 s after the reactor trip event. These results are similar to those obtained in the synchronous generator operation mode, where the net generator power reaches zero at about the same time – around 400 s. The difference is that in the synchronous case, the CO2 circulation could be maintained beyond 400 s as generator starts to operate as a motor. 33PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Control Analysis
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