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174 S. Quoilin et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013) 168–186 of ORMAT in the cumulated power is explained by its focus on large-scale, low temperature geothermal binary plants. It should be noted that, in addition to the manufacturers listed in Table 2, many companies are entering the ORC market with low-capacity units, e.g. for micro-CHP or for WHR on IC engine exhaust gases. However, these companies have not yet reached sufficient technical maturity for large-scale competitive commer- cialization [25]. The ORC market is growing rapidly. Since the first installed commercial ORC plants in the 1970s, an almost-exponential growth has been stated, as visualized in Fig. 6, where the evolution of installed power and the number of plants in opera- tion, based on a compilation of manufacturer data, is depicted. Fig. 6 also reveals that the ORC is a mature technology for waste heat recovery, biomass CHP and geothermal power, but is still very uncommon for solar applications. Moreover, systems are mainly installed in the MW power range and very few ORC plants exist in the kW power range. The variety of ORC modules is large and can be categorized according to unit size, type of technology, and target application. In Fig. 7 some typical ORC module costs, for different applications, are plotted as a function of their size. Note that the provided costs are indicative only and partially collected from a non-exhaustive set of ORC manufacturers and from scientific publications [26,33–35]. The scattering in the data is due to different prices for different manufacturers, different market strategies, different integration costs, etc. Therefore, individual costs should not be generalized, but are given merely to illustrate the general trend of system prices relative to the output power. Fig. 7 indicates that, for a given target application, the cost tends to decrease when the output power increases. Lowest costs are reported for waste heat recovery applications, while geothermal and CHP plants exhibit higher total cost. Total cost differs from module cost in that it includes engineering, buildings, boiler (in case of CHP), process integration, etc., and can amount to two to three times the module cost. These surplus costs should therefore never be neglected when evaluating the economics of an ORC plant. 4. Comparison with the steam Rankine cycle This section provides a summary of the advantages and drawbacks of the ORC technology. The interested reader can refer to previous publications by some of the authors for a more detailed analysis [36,37]. Fig. 8 shows in the T–s diagram the saturation curves of water and of a few typical organic fluids used in ORC applications. Two main differences can be stated: (1) the slope of the saturated vapor curve (right curve of the dome) is negative for water, while the curve is much closer to vertical for organic fluids. As a consequence, the limitation of the vapor quality at the end of the expansion process disappears in an ORC cycle, and there is no need to superheat the vapor before the turbine inlet. (2) The entropy difference between saturated liquid and saturated vapor is much smaller for organic fluids. Hence, the vaporization enthalpy is smaller. Therefore, to take up equal thermal power in the evaporator, the organic working fluid mass flow rate must be much higher than for water, leading to higher pump consumption. Fig. 7. Module (empty dots) and total (plain dots) cost of ORC systems depending on the target application and on the net electrical power. Fig. 8. T–s diagram of water and various typical ORC fluids. Fig. 6. Market evolution (left) and share of each application in terms of number of units (right) Data Source: [24].PDF Image | Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems
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