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the range of 200kW to 2.5 MW.41 Biomass can be sourced from agricultural or industrial waste streams (e.g. wood), and is used primarily for onsite power generation. Solar Thermal In solar thermal applications, ORC units can convert heat collected by solar thermal collectors to power. Traditionally, parabolic dishes and solar towers have been coupled with the steam Rankine cycle to generate power. However, steam cycles need high installed power (high temperatures and pressures) to be profitable. Since the ORC is well suited for lower temperatures, it can be used in smaller solar plants and the total installed power can be reduced to the kW scale.42 Industrial Heat Recovery ORC recovers low-grade waste heat from industrial processes, reciprocating engines, and gas turbines. These heat sources can be converted to electrical power in the range of 400kW to 5 MW.43 It is estimated that 20% to 50% of all industrial energy input is lost as waste heat, from hot exhaust gases, cooling water, and heat lost from hot equipment and surfaces. Considering that in the United States, industrial energy accounts for 33% of all energy used (equivalent to approximately 30,000 TBtu per year), there is a significant waste-heat opportunity within this sector. Of all industrial waste heat, 60% is estimated to be low temperature waste heat. While only a portion of waste heat has the potential to be converted into electricity, as some cannot be captured and some will be used directly for heat, estimates have shown that a minimum of 600 TBtu per year (equivalent to 175,000 GWh) could be recovered from low temperature heat-to-power applications in the U.S. alone.44 Economics The vast majority (80% - 85%, from a cost perspective) of the components in the OFC are the same as in the ORC. As such, development and maintenance considerations should be fairly similar between the two technologies. The four additional components in the OFC include a flash evaporator, a two-stage turbine, a throttling valve, and a mixer – all of which are commercially available. For a 1 MW system that uses toluene as the working fluid, the OFC has the potential to achieve a 5% reduction in total equipment costs when compared to the ORC. A high-level snapshot of the differences in costs between the OFC and the ORC is illustrated in Figure 4. Similarly, a detailed comparison of component costs is shown in Table 2. 6PDF Image | Thermal Efficiency from Organic Flash Cycle
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