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Figure 5. OFC Efficiency Gain vs. ORC Using Different Working Fluids There may be some technologies that may be more advanced and efficient than the basic ORC and be competitive with the potential gains achieved by the OFC. Some already exist today, such as the Kalina Cycle, while others are under development, such as piezoelectrics.46 The following paragraphs identify existing technologies that are potentially competitive to the OFC. Existing Technology: 1) Kalina Cycle: The Kalina Cycle is a variant of the Rankine Cycle, where a mixture of ammonia plus water is used instead of water only. The use of this mixture can increase the efficiency up to 25%. However, the Kalina Cycle brings a great amount of complexity and despite the fact that it was developed in the 1980s, it is still far from being competitive in the market compared to simpler heat to power technologies. Since the Kalina Cycle has been in the market for a long time but few installations exist today, rapid market adoption is not expected in the near-term47. 2) Cascade ORC: Cascade ORC consists involves coupling multiple ORC systems together. The exhaust of one ORC system is used as the heat source for another ORC system. In this way the overall system efficiency is increased. However, this cycle can be quite expensive given the added systems, and is typically used only in select cases where the economics can justify the additional costs.48 8PDF Image | Thermal Efficiency from Organic Flash Cycle
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