THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF LOW-TO-MODERATE GRADE GEOTHERMAL HEAT

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THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF LOW-TO-MODERATE GRADE GEOTHERMAL HEAT ( thermodynamic-analysis-and-performance-optimization-organic- )

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recommended for the basic type of ORCs, whereas those with lower vapour specific heat capacity, such as butane, were more suitable for the regenerative ORCs. Although the present study limited itself to the thermodynamic performance of the selected organic fluids based on their thermodynamic properties, the selection of the optimal organic fluid is also subject to the chemical stability and compatibility with materials, the environmental impacts, the safety concerns, and the economical operation of the working fluids [24-27]. References [1] DiPippo, R 1998, ‘Geothermal Power Systems’, in Elliott, TC, Chen, K & Swanekamp, RC, Standard handbook of power plant engineering, 2nd edn, MacGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 8.27 - 8.60. [2] Gu, Z & Sato, H 2001, ‘Optimization of cyclic parameters of a supercritical cycle for geothermal power generation’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1409-1416. [3] Kanoglu, M 2002, ‘Exergy analysis of a dual-level binary geothermal power plant’, Geothermics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 709-724. [4] DiPippo, R 2008, Geothermal power plants principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. [5] Desai, N & Bandyopadhyay, S 2009, ‘Process integration of organic Rankine cycle’, Energy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1674-86. [6] Gnutek, Z & Bryszewska-Mazurek, A 2001, ‘The thermodynamic analysis of multicycle ORC engine’, Energy, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1075-1082. [7] Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, A & Nowak, W 2007, ‘Maximising the working fluid flow as a way of increasing power output of geothermal power plant’, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 27, pp. 2074–8. [8] Calm, JM & Hourahan, GC, 2001, ‘Refrigerant Data Summary’, Engineered Systems, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 74-88. [9] Subbiah, S & Natarajan, R 1988, ‘Thermodynamic analysis of binary-fluid rankine cycles for geothermal power plants’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 47-52. [10] Klein, SA 2012, ‘Engineering Equation Solver EES Academic Commercial V7.933’, McGraw Hill. See also https://www.fchart.com. [11] Chen, H, Goswami, DY & Stefanakos, EK 2010, ‘A review of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat’, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3059-3067. [12] Bejan, A 1993, Heat transfer, Wiley, New York. [13] Yari, M 2010, ‘Exergetic analysis of various types of geothermal power plants’, Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 112-121. [14] Kanoglu, M & Bolatturk, A 2008, ‘Performance and parametric investigation of a binary geothermal power plant by exergy’, Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 2366–74. [15] Demuth, OJ & Kochan, RJ 1981, Analyses of mixed hydrocarbon binary thermodynamic cycles for moderate temperature geothermal resources using regeneration techniques, INEL Rep. EGG-GTH-05710, Idaho Falls, ID. [16] Aljundi, IH 2011, ‘Effect of dry hydrocarbons and critical point temperature on the efficiencies of organic Rankine cycle’, Renewable Energy, vol. 36, no.1, pp 1196-1202. [17] Mago, PJ, Chamra, LM, Srinivasan, K & Somayaji, C, 2008, ‘An examination of regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry fluids’, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 998-1007. [18] DiPippo, R 2004, ‘Second Law assessment of binary plants generating power from low- temperature geothermal fluids, Geothermics, vol. 33, no.1, pp. 565–86. [19] Hepbasli, A 2008, ‘A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resources for a sustainable future’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, pp. 593-661. [20] Kaplan, U 2007, Advanced organic Rankine cycles in binary geothermal power plants, World Energy Council, Ormat Technologies, inc.

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