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• Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems Case Example Savings in Hospital Cooling Systems Volume Recovered heat Plant capacity reduction Electricity cost (operation) Plant capacity reduction cost (Capital) Capital cost savings Payback period Economiser In case of boiler system, economizer can be provided to utilize the flue gas heat for pre-heating the boiler feed water. On the other hand, in an air pre-heater, the waste heat is used to heat combustion air. In both the cases, there is a corresponding reduction in the fuel requirements of the boiler. A economizer is shown in Figure 8.8. 140 m3/min Exhaust 28225 kCal/hr 9.33 Tons of Refrigeration Rs. 268/Million kCal (based on 0.8 kW/TR) Rs.12,000/TR Rs. 1,12,000/- 16570 hours For every 220 C reduction in flue gas temperature by passing through an economiser or a pre-heater, there is 1% saving of fuel in the boiler. In other words, for every 60 C rise in feed water temperature through an economiser, or 200C rise in combustion air temperature through an air pre-heater, there is 1% saving of fuel in the boiler. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger: When the medium containing waste heat is a liquid or a vapor which heats another liquid, then the shell and tube heat exchanger must be used since both paths must be sealed to contain the pressures of their respective fluids. The shell contains the tube bundle, and usually internal baffles, to direct the fluid in the shell over the tubes in multiple passes. The shell is inherently weaker than the tubes so that the higher-pressure fluid is circulated in the tubes while the lower pressure fluid flows through the shell. When a vapor contains the waste heat, it usually condenses, giving up its latent heat to the liquid being heated. In this application, the vapor is almost invariably contained within the shell. If the reverse is attempted, the condensation of vapors within small diameter parallel tubes causes flow instabilities. Tube and shell heat exchangers are available in a wide range of standard sizes with many combinations of materials for the tubes and shells. A shell and tube heat exchanger is illustrated in Figure 8.9. 8. Waste Heat Recovery Figure 8.8 Economiser Bureau of Energy Efficiency 11PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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