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It has been taken as a general rule of thumb in industrial operations that fluids with temperatures less than 120oC (or, better, 150oC to provide a safe margin), as limit for waste heat recovery because of the risk of condensation of corrosive liquids. However, as fuel costs continue to rise, even such waste heat can be used economically for space heating and other low temperature applications. It is possible to reverse the direction of spontaneous energy flow by the use of a thermodynamic system known as a heat pump. The majority of heat pumps work on the principle of the vapour compression cycle. In this cycle, the circulating substance is physically separated from the source (waste heat, with a temperature of Tin) and user (heat to be used in the process, Tout) streams, and is re-used in a cyclical fashion, therefore called 'closed cycle'. In the heat pump, the following processes take place: 1. In the evaporator the heat is extracted from the heat source to boil the circulating substance; 2. The circulating substance is compressed by the compressor, raising its pressure and temperature; The low temperature vapor is compressed by a compressor, which requires external work. The work done on the vapor raises its pressure and temperature to a level where its energy becomes available for use 3. The heat is delivered to the condenser; 4. The pressure of the circulating substance (working fluid) is reduced back to the evaporator condition in the throttling valve, where the cycle repeats. The heat pump was developed as a space heating system where low temperature energy from the ambient air, water, or earth is raised to heating system temperatures by doing compression work with an electric motor-driven compressor. The arrangement of a heat pump is shown in figure 8.12. Figure 8.12 Heat pump 8. Waste Heat Recovery Bureau of Energy Efficiency 15PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
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