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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 Fig. 1. Basic components of a system working on ORC [23] 3. Working fluid The selection of the working fluid in ORC cycles is a key aspect, and it depends on the application and the level of heat source [24,25]. In addition, the fluid must have optimum thermodynamic properties at the lowest possible pressures and temperatures, as well as also fulfil several criteria, such as being economical, nontoxic, non-flammable, environmentally friendly, etc. [26,27]. 3.1 Working fluids' category The most important characteristics of the working fluids in an ORC is the saturation vapour curve, which affects the cycle efficiency, and fluid applicability [28]. In general, , as can be seen in Fig. 2 [29], working fluids can be categorized in three different types based on their vapour saturation curves in temperature-enthalpy (T-s) diagram: a wet fluid with negative slopes, an isentropic fluid with nearly infinitive slopes, and a dry fluid with positive slopes. Fig. 2. Typical T-s diagram of working fluids Liu et al. [30] derived an expression to compute dS dT , which is shown in Eq.(1), where is the inverse of the slope of saturated vapor curve on T–s diagram, the value of n is suggested to 163PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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