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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 be 0.375 or 0.38, the HH is the enthalpy of vaporization, and TrH is the reduced evaporation temperature defined asTH TC . CP ((n.TrH)(1TrH))1H (1) TT2H HH For a wet fluid, the negative slope of the saturation vapour curve means that outlet stream of the turbine may contains saturated liquid droplet and reduce isentropic efficiency. Hence, wet fluid at the inlet of the turbine must be superheated [9,31]. However, due to the slopes of the dry fluids and isentropic fluids, there is no necessity to superheating to eliminate the liquid droplets' problem on the expander blades. As a result, choosing the dry or isentropic working fluid types are more preferred for ORC systems [32]. Nevertheless, the fluid should not leave the expander with substantial super-heat which means a waste and more condenser loads [8]. Hung et al. [33] examined properties of dry and isentropic fluids based on the network in the T– s diagram [28]. 3.2 The physical properties The ORC system efficiency and operating conditions of the system is controlled by the working fluid properties. Some of the most important properties which will effect on the performance of ORC system are discussed in the following. 3.2.1 Latent heat and Specific heat Fluids with high latent heat and low liquid specific heat are superior, because a fluid with a high latent heat and density with smaller flow rate absorbs more energy in the evaporator from the heat source and thus reduces the pump work [34]. However, the is not direct relation formula between specific or total work of pump and liquid specific heat [35]. Yamamoto et al. [36] reported that due to the best operating conditions by saturated vapor at the turbine inlet, fluids with low latent heat would be preferred. Considering the Clausius–Clapayron relation for the transition between the two phases ( dP dT ) and ideal gas law with constant specific heats results the Eq.(2). The parameters T and T are saturation temperatures at two points, and T ' is the 12 in turbine inlet temperature [37]. h CT' 1eL(1/T11/T2)/CP (2) isentropic P in The Eq.(2), indicates that higher work can be achieved by higher latent heat at the same temperatures and parameters. 3.2.2 Critical temperature The peak point of the fluid saturation curve in a T–s diagram is the critical point of a working fluid; it suggests the proper operating temperature range for the working fluid of liquid and vapour forms. A good efficiency from the cycle is gained only from fluids with a high critical 164PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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