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sv,T 0.7 x Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 temperature, though the efficiency of the cycle is a weak function of critical temperature [30]. The design condensation temperature is normally above ambient temperature in order to reject heat to the ambient; thus, due to difficulty in condensing, fluids with critical temperatures less than 300 K are out of consideration. A high condensation pressure, which requires a low temperature, is in opposition to a good thermodynamic configuration. However, a low condensation pressure could conflict with turbine and plant design [38]. Investigation of different organic fluids based on the maximum cycle efficiency shows that fluid with higher critical temperature gives higher efficiency but lower condensing pressure. The critical temperature and critical density also effects on the specific vapour density that is high influence on the design of the system [39]. 3.2.3 Boiling temperature The fluids with higher boiling point in the same family show the higher efficiency [40]. 3.2.4 Molecular weight and molecular complexity Fluids with higher molecular weight have a positive impact on turbine efficiency and small number of stages; however, higher critical pressure and molecular weight demand higher heat transfer area in heat exchangers [9,11,41]. The fluids can be classified as a function of their critical temperature by their acentric factor and by the molecular complexity , which is defined by the Eq. (3). TC(S) R T TCSdP S (3) (4) R P T dT SV T P T RdP C0 C P R PdTSV Tsv,Tx0.7 The parameter of molecular complexity is computable by an equation of state through numerical derivative, and it is primarily a function of the heat capacity of the vapor and directly related to the molecular structure of the fluid. In general, the critical temperature and the acentric factor of a fluid increase with the molecular complexity, however, the critical pressure decreases with [42]. Garrido et al. [43], quoted that the slope of the vapour-mixture curve is a function only of the number of atoms in the molecule, not of their weight or character. Nevertheless, heat source is the most important parameter for selecting working fluids according to molecular complexity. 3.2.5 The vapour density One of the most important key is the vapour density; higher vapour density results in lower condensing pressure as well as smaller expander size [37,44,45]. Macchi and Perdichizzi [46] sv,Tx 0.7 165PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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