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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 cited that the isentropic efficiency can be defined based on the size parameter (SP) and the isentropic volume flow ratio (VFR), where, is a density and H is a enthalpy. SP mout 4 H is (5) out VFR in out (6) A higher value of SP means larger turbine size, and a higher density at outlet stream results in smaller SP and therefore smaller turbine size. According to the Eq.(6), lower VFR makes higher turbine efficiency. Angelino et al. [47] quoted that with the ratio between densities at turbine inlet and outlet lower than 50 (VFR<50), the turbine efficiency would be greater than 80%. 3.2.6 Conductivity High conductivity represents a higher heat transfer coefficient in the heat exchangers and thus lower heat exchangers area [48]. The Chisholm and Wanniarachchi [49] for widely used plate heat exchangers correlates Nusselt number for both hot side and cold side as a function of the Reynolds number (Re) and Prandtl number (Pr), where the Pr is a function of thermal conductivity. 3.2.7 Environmental, safety, and stability According to the Montreal Protocol, some fluids are being restricted depending on their Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP). In addition, Kyoto Protocol put some limitation regarding the Greenhouse Warming Potential (GWP) to avoid the greenhouse effect of gas emissions [50]. Some of organic fluids such as R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, and R-115 have been phased out, while some others such as R-21, R-22, R-123, R-124, R-141b and R-142b are being phased out in 2020 or 2030. The security classification of the ASHRE can be used as an indicator for the other characteristics like non-corrosive to avoid higher maintenance costs, non-flammable (a problem in particular for longer alkanes at temperatures above 200°C.) , and non-toxic in working fluid selection should be considered as well [10]. The chemical stability of the working fluid is one of the limitations in the temperature of the heat source [51]. The working fluid should not be decomposed and produce toxic or unstable substances [52,53]. 3.3 Pure working fluids The range of fluid working fluid candidates differs. From the structural point of view, working fluid can be considered by following main groups. Hydrocarbons in linear, branched, and aromatic compounds. This group have acceptable thermodynamic properties. Perfluorocarbons which are inert and stable. However these are thermodynamically undesirable. Siloxanes group that are usually available as mixtures. 166PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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