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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 Ethers and Fluorinated ether group which are not considered as working fluids because of their flammability and thermodynamic properties. Alcohols with flammability issues are also unattractive. Partially Flouro-substituted straight chain hydrocarbons, in which some have potentially considered. However, there is no specified working fluid for ORC systems. Saleh et al. [54], Chen et al. [37], Junjiang Bao et al. [9] and Lambrinos et al. [55] screened different pure fluids in their articles. Guoquan et al. investigate some fluids for micro-CHP systems with ORC [56]. Although n- pentane is extremely flammable, it is also used as working fluid [57–59]. Bolland et al.[23], created a model for investigating performance of different fluids and cited that for temperature of 160 ̊C, the R254fa gives higher output work. Although a wide range of the selection of working fluids has been done in different literatures, only a few are used in practice. 3.4 Mixed working fluids' screening In some of the heat source such as geothermal binary plants, temperature is varying, which means that the pure fluids show high irreversibility in the heat evaporator. Utilizing mixture fluids instead of pure fluids in the ORC cycle, allows absorbing or rejecting heat at variable temperature but constant pressure. The variable heat transfer in binary mixture reduces the exergy destruction in the power cycle [60–63]. Mixtures allow a higher variety of the choice of working fluid for ORC power systems as well as improving the parameters of cycle components. Solkatherm (mixture of Pentafluorobutane and Perfluoropolyether), are already being used and proven in actual installations, however, in isothermal phase transitions [45]. Feng et al. [64] compared the cycle efficiency of hydrocarbon R141b/RC318 mixtures with three pure fluids. It was found that increasing the thermal and exergy efficiency by adding a regenerator was higher for the mixture R141b and RC318 than for R141b. Wang et al. [65] examined three different mixture compositions of R245fa and R152a to pure R245fa, for solar application in a range of 25°C to 85 °C and indicated that the main benefit of the mixtures was smaller expanders. Nevertheless, due to difficulties in the optimum compositions of fractions, application of zeotropic mixture fluid is limited. 4. Applications of the ORC technology according to the energy source The flexibility of the ORC technology due to capability of working in different temperature ranges, allows coupling with the currently in use power plants, utilizing low thermal renewable heat source, recovery of waste heat in process, and acting as a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) plant. A brief calcification of ORC applications is summarized in this section. 167PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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