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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 4.1 Biomass applications of ORC Biomass is one of the available renewable energy sources. It comes in different shapes and composition, e.g. virgin biomass or municipal solid waste (MSW) or solid biomass. Power production from biomass can be through external combustion with limited efficiencies or internal combustion after gasification or pyrolysis with a gas cleaning problems [66,67]. Efficient power generation using biomass with low heating value as the fuel in small scale is a challenge today. Nowadays, ORC is of great interest for power production from biomass combustion in both external and internal combustion engines [68]. It was reported that till 2008, the total electrical installed capacity of ORC systems were 88 MWe. The growing interest from biomass combustion is in ORC technology over recent years, especially in medium scale facilities (0.2–2 MWe) for electrical energy generation. Fubach Austria (1500 kWe), Bregenz Austria (1000 kWe), Arta Terme Italy (500 kWe), Allendorf Eder Germany (200 kWe) are some examples of installation [52,69]. For small decentralized units, to achieve high thermal energy conversion efficiency, biomass combined heat and power (CHP) plants are of interest rather than by the only electricity generation. In CHP mode, heat from the condenser in biomass applications can be used in district heating systems as heat supply [70]. Simple schematic diagram for biomass ORC polygeneration is shown in Fig. 3[71]. Carnot efficiency for typical biomass based ORC with heat source temperature and heat sink temperature respectively around 300°C and 100°C is about 35% which is significantly higher than other usage of heat sources which is usually less than 25%. Fig. 3 Polygeneration with ORC technology and biomass combustion [71]. The selection of the working fluid in case of using biomass combustion heat, due to relatively high temperature levels in evaporator and the temperature of the condenser (60°C and 120°C for CHP) is an important issue. Because of greater process control, lower pressure in the boiler, large inertia and insensitivity to load changes, the heat of the biomass combustion is transferred to the working fluid through a heat transfer fluid (HTF) (as in Fig. 3), which is mostly a thermal oil. 168PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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