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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 Drescher et al. [72] examined the efficiencies of Alkylbenzenes family (Butylbenzene, Propylbenzene, and Ethylbenzene) for biomass ORC applications and resulted that a biomass ORC can be improved by raising maximum temperature and Butylbenzene as working fluid gives the best efficiency. Medium scale biomass ORC installed plants (100–1500kW) is rapidly increasing as the technology is becoming mature and more cost effective. However, the technical data on existing plants are very limited. The biomass fully automatic CHP plant in Lienz (1000 kWe) supplies the town of Lienz with district heat (60,000 MWh/year) and the electricity (7200 MWh/year) with an electrical efficiency about18% [73]. Small scale systems of few kW are still under development since economies of scale penalize the efficiency of the system as well as the specific cost of these units [74]; however, some researches present the latest results of the on- going modelling and experimental testing of micro-CHP systems [75,76]. In biomass gasification, biomass is converted to syngas in gasifier, and then the produced gases (fuel) are cleaned and send to burn in an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) engine. The extracted heat from both the gas cleaning system and the exhausted combustion as well as the cooling water from the ICE could be utilized in an ORC system (Fig. 4[52]). However, mostly only the exhaust gas heat is recovered. Fig. 4 Gasification and ICE coupled to an ORC from biomass (CHP mode) [52]. Currently, a small number of the combined ICE–ORC systems are in operation. Vaja et al. [18] addressed some important points regarding the designing of an efficient ICE–ORC combined cycleSome engine manufacturers have already presented the ORC as an optional for their stationary power generation systems. Combined ICE-ORC system developed by the Caterpillar Inc. consisting of gas engine (2159 kW) coupled to a superheated and parallel recuperated organic cycle with dry working fluid reaches the global electricity efficiency 47% [77]. 169PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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