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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 Wang et al. [78] studied different working fluids with a thermodynamic model in Matlab. The results for fixed power output at 10 kW indicate that R11, R141b, R113 and R123 make higher thermodynamic performances than the others. However, R245fa and R245ca are the most environment-friendly working fluids for engine waste heat. 4.2 Solar thermal power systems Solar thermal energy is another heat source that can be exploited by means of ORC. Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a mutual technology, in which the heat from the sun transferred heat to a fluid at high temperature; this heat can be used in a power cycle to generate electricity. Solar thermal power system works like conventional power plants by exploiting solar energy as a heat source for driving thermodynamic power cycle to convert heat into electricity in the power block [79], coupling the steam Rankine cycle . The heat transfer by heat transfer fluid (HTF) from the solar field or thermal energy storage system [80]. However, an important aspect of these plants is their large size. Recently, aiming to supply heat and power in industrial and residential sector, the interest in small and medium scale solar plant by using the existing concentrated solar power technologies has been increased. Researchers have proposed ORC for the conversion of low-grade heat into electricity [81]. The schematic diagram of the solar CSP ORC system is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 Component schematic diagram of the solar-ORC system There are some research both theoretical and experimental to develop the solar ORC systems [82]. Kane et al. [83] presented the 9-kWe ORC coupled with linear Fresnel collectors, using R123 and R134a, overall efficiency of7.74% . Wang et al. obtained overall efficiency of 3.2% with flat plate collectors (collector efficiency was 55%), and 4.2% with evacuated tube collectors 170PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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