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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 working fluid and geothermal fluid at 158°C with exergy efficiency 21% and energy efficiency 10.2% was studied by Kanoglu and Bolatturk [90]. Different studies have been carried out concerning criteria and guidelines for the optimal design of binary cycle geothermal power plants. Nowak et al. [91] mentioned that geothermal water mass flow should be considered for power maximization. Hettiarachchi et al.[59]studied different working fluids PF5050, R123, Ammonia and n-pentane for low-temperature geothermal source powered ORC, taking the ratio of total heat transfer area to the net power out as the objective. 4.4 Water desalination The ORC can be coupled directly to drive the pump of a process like reverse osmosis (RO). Several research and development were supported in the solar desalination technology in the last decades. In a solar thermal driven ORC-RO desalination system, solar energy from a solar field is partly converted into thermal energy and use to the ORC-based power conversion unit, whose mechanical energy output is used up by the salty water RO desalination process (Fig. 7[92]). Heat rejected in lower temperature part of the cycle could be used for the RO feed water preheating [92,93]. Fig. 7 Simple layout of the solar thermal ORC-powered reverse osmosis Agustín et al. [92] proposed a model based on recommended working fluids and solar cycle configuration with proper values of design point parameters. The use of heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the solar field for transferring heat to the ORC working fluid is recommended instead of the direct evaporation of the working substance in the ORC [94,95]. Toluene is one of the working fluids for medium temperature solar ORCs which is studied in several publications. However, but it has a high toxicity level. Siloxanes can be another alternative for the medium temperature solar ORC because their better thermal stability and toxicity levels. 172PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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