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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 García-Rodríguez et al. [96] reported that the ORC-RO has a lower specific energy consumption, as compared with the solar distillation process and the photovoltaic system RO. 4.5 Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) in waste heat recovery application Industries involve many high temperature processes that are also a large fraction waste heat. Some examples of industrial processes with large amounts of usable waste energy are chemical industry, metallurgy, ceramics, etc. In the cement industry approximately 35% of the total energy losses mainly by the flue gas and the ambient air stream used for cooling down the clinker (Fig. 8 [97]) [98]. Heidelberger Zement AG Plant in Lengfurt (Germany), which using waste heat recovery with ORC with 1.5 MW power. And, the A.P. Cement In India with 4 MW and ORC technology are two examples in cement industry [97]. Fig. 8 Simple diagram of heat recovery system with ORC in cement industry [97] The petrochemical industry emits gases at relatively high temperature (150°C to 300°C). In steel industry heat can be recovered from the exhaust gas of Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) and of rolling mills. Unlike cement or glass process, EAFs work in cycle, thus ORC installed with automatic control which follows the melting cycle [99]. The use of the waste heat may result in several savings such as decreasing the primary energy demand, CO2 emissions reduction, and economic gains. Oil field waste water at a temperature of 77°C was capable of generating electricity with the ORC technology [100]. A Swedish energy technology group, Opcon, announced the installation of an Opcon Powerbox ORC module on a ship aiming at achieving around 5% fuel savings which means cutting in 37000 ton per year carbon dioxide and 150 ton per year sulphur dioxide emissions [101]. 173PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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