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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 4.6 Waste heat recovery in fuel cells In high temperature fuel cells, considerable amount of energy is converted to waste heat. This heat rejects by cooling medium or exhaust gas. Several different technologies such as gas turbine bottoming cycle, Brayton, thermoelectric, and ORC are available for waste heat recovery for increasing the efficiency of fuel cells system. Around 50% of the energy from the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell converts to heat and it requires cooling system. The ORC system has superior performance in the area of recovering this low temperature waste [102]. The flow diagram of the ORC heat recovery system in PEM fuel cell is shown in Fig. 9[102]. The diagram shows that the pressured air is supplied to the cathode of fuel cell stack. The regulated hydrogen from high pressure cylinder is then fed to the anode of fuel cell stack. Because of the electrochemical reaction in fuel cell stack, which generates a large amount of heat, the DC current is produced. The unreacted hydrogen out of anode would be returned back to the inlet of the PEM fuel cell stack for recycling utilization. Zhao et al. [102] investigated such a system by modelling and reported increasing in overall electrical efficiency by about 5%, compared to the PEM fuel cell without waste heat recovery. Dincer et al. [103] present a theoretical study for ORC trigeneration plants for using heat rejected in a fuel cell solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Both Molten Carbonate and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells can be used in gas turbine bottoming cycle. Exhaust gases and not burned Solid Oxide fuel is added to gas turbine combustion chamber where high temperature-pressure gases produce power at turbine. In case of Molten Oxide fuel cells, ORC can be considered while low temperature fuel cells waste heat might be used for cooling or heating demand. Cost of added technology is normally less than the fuel cell itself and the efficiency will be improved by this extra system [104]. Fig. 9 Schematic diagram for ORC heat recovery in PEM fuel cell [102] . 174PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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