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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 Fig. 10 Power output range for expander for three heat source [115] 5.1 Turbo expander The main difference between steam Rankine cycle and ORC is the working fluid; in steam cycle is the enthalpy drop during the expansion, is much higher than organic fluid. Thus in ORC, fewer stages (may be single-stage) are required in the case of an organic fluid. In addition, the speed low of sound could be reached much sooner in an ORC than in a steam cycle. Radial inflow turbines are suitable for lower flow rates of working fluids and high pressure ratios. Radial-inflow turbines are less sensitive to blade profile inaccuracies than axial machines [117]. In radial inflow turbines, due to their geometry higher peripheral speeds can be reached than for axial turbines, and as a result reached a higher enthalpy drop per stage [26,118]. In small scale, turbo machines are not applicable, because their rotating speed increases with decreasing turbine output power. The tip speed of turbo machine can be calculated by the Eq.(7), where U is tip speed, N is rotating speed, and D2 is outer diameter of the turbine. U ND2 (7) As the tip speed is independent of the turbine size and is roughly constant. Eq.(7) shows that with reducing turbine size , the rotating speed increases proportionally [26]. This high rotating speed is the main point that micro-scale turbo machines are not yet commercial. 5.2 Positive displacement expanders Positive displacement expanders could be used at low output powers due to the limitation of their rotating speed (1500rpm or 3000rpm on a 50 Hz), in addition they can handle two-phase flows during expansion with a good isentropic efficiency[119]. 176PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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