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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 5.2.1 Scroll expander The scroll expander has a fixed volumetric ratio like as all positive displacement expanders. In case that system specific volume ratio is not equal to the expander nominal volume ratio, the fixed built-in volume ratio can results in reduce the efficiency of the expansion by types of losses: under-expansion when internal volume ratio of the expander is lower than the system specific volume ratio, and over-expansion when the internal volume ratio imposed by the expander is higher than the system specific volume ratio. Other irreversibility are supply pressure drop, heat transfer, leakage, and friction losses [120,121]. Scrolls expanders are in two types: compliant scrolls which require lubrication, and constrained scrolls in contrast can operate without lubrication [122]. There are some experimental works using of scroll machines for different fluids. Peterson et al. [123] reported the kinematically rigid scroll expander prototype with R123, Manolakos et al. studied with R134a [124], Clemente et al. [125] built a scroll machine model. and Kim et al. [126] studied biomass ORC application of scroll expander with R134a. James et al. studied an experimental test with scroll expanders, which produced 2.07 with isentropic efficiency of 85% and 2.96 kW, with isentropic efficiency 83% [127]. 5.2.2 Screw expander Screw expanders have been widely employed in Rankine cycles, especially for geothermal and waste heat applications. The capacity of scroll expander is a limited for low temperature thermal source. However, screw expander has an advantage for utilizing low temperature waste heat. Frenchman B. Zimmern proposed single screw configuration for the first time and then after single screw configuration has been widely used in compressor industry. Appropriate gaps and sufficient lubricating are the most parameters for improving the performance of single screw expanders [128]. Screw expander manufacturers, ORMAT and ELECTRATHERM currently provide commercially screw expanders suitable for ORC CHP units with 50 kWe power output. There are few reports where for applying the screw expanders with mechanical power output lower than 10 kW, mostly because of the difficulty in sealing the organic working fluid [129]. Table 2 summarizes the some sample of current micro-scale expanders. 6. Heat Exchangers The design and development of compact and cost efficient heat exchanger for the ORC systems has been subject to research and continuous development and improvement. Heat exchangers’ cost is usually up to 30% of the total cost where evaporator, regenerator and condenser are included. In an ORC the ratio of the total heat exchanger area to net power output is usually high and this is an issue of consideration. As the system efficiency is directly related with the efficiency of the heat exchange equipment, hence, the aim is maximizing the transferred heat [130]. 177PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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