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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 It is very important to investigate the heat transfer around the critical point which is quite unknown. There is a high challenge in understanding of plate heat exchangers in order to use them specially in supercritical ORCs [131]. Some researched has been done on using a novel nano- and micro-porous surfaces, which enhanced the pool boiling heat transfer with over 10 times compared to a plain copper surface. This means that with a given heat flux and temperature difference the surface area may decrease at the same order which is a huge reduction in size and weights of the heat exchangers. For the enhanced surfaces due to enhanced turbulence and continuous boiling with high frequency the heat transfer coefficient is much higher. It is claimed that with this novel nano and micro porous surfaces the ORC system showed an improvement of 15-20% of the cost and 5-10 times in size and surface reduction. [132]. One of the important issues in the design of heat exchangers is pinch point. It is clear that the temperature of the source fluid falls in the heat exchanger during the transferring heat from hot stream to cold stream. In designing heat exchangers, there is usually a restriction on pinch point, so the minimum temperature difference between hot and cold streams in the heat exchanger should be maintained greater than a specified value. In deploying a pure substance for a working fluid, the pinch point position happens at inlet or outlet of the heat exchanger, or at the point of saturated liquid of the working fluid [64,133]. 7. ORC manufacturer Most likely Ormat was the first commercial manufacture of ORC-technology, started with micro sized (0.2 – 3 kW) ORC-units during 1960-decade. Nowadays, ORC manufacturers provide ORC solutions in a broad range of power and temperature levels, many companies are entering this market from low-capacity to medium capacity. Some of them are listed in Table 3 [77]. 8. Organic Rankine cycles and current R&D Currently, most of the commercial ORC plants show a simple architecture: sub-critical working conditions, pure working fluids, single evaporation pressure, and possible use of a regenerator. Nevertheless, there is still a room for improvement specially for increasing the ORC efficiency. Researches focus on working fluid selection, however also on innovative cycles [134–136]. Some researcher focuses on turbine optimization, and developing new accurate equations of states. Some others work on control strategies as well as performance in part-load conditions [137,138]. 9. Conclusions The paper presented a review the state of the art of organic Rankine cycle applications in waste heat recovery. Working fluid properties and selection (including pure fluids and mixtures) was reviewed. Also some important physical properties of the working fluids for ORC and their effect 178PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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