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4. UNDERTAKING HIGH IMPACT ACTIONS: TECHNOLOGY AND ... 4-086-12 JUMEL ET AL • Second selection with focus on safety and environmental issues (Montreal Protocol) • Comparison of thermodynamic properties and determina- tion of cycle efficiencies • Check availability of expansion machines in terms of rea- sonable operating range According to critical temperature of working fluids and heat source temperature at 170 °C (443.15 K), some fluids like R141b, R123, R-601, R-600a can only be used for subcritical cycle, while some fluids with lower critical temperature such as R125, R143a, R32, Propane, R22, R1234yf can be preferably Table 1. Physical data and environmental data of refrigerants. used for supercritical applications, whereas the other fluids such as R245fa, R236fa, R142b, R124 present their potential in both applications. Thermodynamic modelling The performance of subcritical and supercritical cycle was analyzed and compared via their thermal efficiency and exergy analysis in the present work. Water at ambient temperature (Tcsi = 20 °C) is used to cool down and condense the working fluid. The cycles are calculated for a net power of 1 kW. Turbine isentropic and mechanical efficiency and pump isentropic ef- ficiency are respectively set at 0.87, 0.90 and 0.85. Temperature Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-245fa (R245fa) HFC-236fa (R236fa) HFC-152a (R152a) HFC-227ea (R227ea) HFC-134a (R134a) HFC-32 (R32) HFC-143a (R143a) HFC-125 (R125) Hydrocarbons (HCs) n-Pentane (R-601) n-butane (R-600) Iso-butane (R-600a) Propane (R-290) Hydrochoroflurocarbons (HCFCs) HCFC-141b (R141b) HCFC-123 (R123) HCFC-142b (R142b) HCFC-124 (R124) HCFC-22 (R22) HFO-1234ze (E) HFO-1234yf (R1234yf) Ammonia (R-717) M [g/mol] 134.05 152.04 66.051 170.03 102.03 52.024 84.041 120.02 M [g/mol] 72.149 58.122 58.122 44.096 M [g/mol] 116.95 152.93 100.5 136.48 86.468 114.04 114.04 17.03 Pcrit [kPa] 3651.0 3200.0 4516.8 2925.0 4059.3 5782.0 3761.0 3617.7 Pcrit [kPa] 3370.0 3796.0 3629.0 4251.2 Pcrit [kPa] 4212.0 3661.8 4055.0 3624.3 4990.0 3636.3 3382.2 11333.0 Standard 34 a Safety group B1 A1 A2 A1 A1 A2L r A2L r A1 Standard 34 Safety group A3 A3 A3 A3 Standard 34 Safety group n.a. B1 A2 2220 A1 619 A1 1790 Physical data * Tb Tcrit [C] [C] 15.14 154.01 -1.44 124.92 -24.023 113.26 -16.34 101.75 -26.074 101.06 -51.651 78.105 -47.241 72.707 -48.09 66.023 Physical data * Environmental data a GWP 100 yr 1050 9820 133 3580 1370 716 4180 3420 ODP 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Atm. life (yr) 7.7 242 1.5 38.9 13.4 5.2 47.1 28.2 Environmental data Tb [C] 36.06 -0.49 T crit [C] 196.55 151.98 GWP ODP 100 yr ~20 0.000 ~20 0.000 ~20 0.000 ~20 0.000 Atm. life (yr) 0.009 0.018 0.016 0.041 -11.749 134.66 -42.114 96.74 Physical data * Environmental data Tb [C] 32.05 27.823 -9.12 -11.963 -40.81 -18.95 -29.45 -33.327 T crit [C] 204.35 183.68 137.11 122.28 96.145 109.37 94.7 132.25 GWP 100 yr 717 77 ODP 0.120 0.010 0.060 0.020 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 Atm. life (yr) 9.2 1.3 17.2 5.9 11.9 0.045 0.029 < 0.02 n.a. A2L r B2L r 6 < 4.4 < 1 *: physical properties of working fluids are calculated by REFPROP 9.0 (Eric 2012) a: (Calm and Hourahan 2011) Table 2. Six separate group classifications and two subclasses of refrigerants. Higher Flammability Lower Flammability No flame Propagation Lower Toxicity A3 A2 A2L** A1 No identified toxicity at concentrations ≤ 400 ppm Higher Toxicity B3 B2 B2L** B1 Evidence of toxicitiy below 400 ppm (based on data for TLV- TWA or consistent indices LFL ≤ 0.10 kg/m3 or heat or combustion ≥ 19000 J/kg LFL > 0.10 kg/m3 or heat and combustion < 19000 J/kg No LFL based on modified ASTM E681-85 test **: A2L and B2L are lower flammability refrigerants with a maximum burning velocity of ≤ 10 cm/s ECEEE 2012 SUMMER STUDY on EnERgY EffiCiEnCY in inDUSTRY 563PDF Image | Working Fluid selection and performance comparison of subcritical and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low temperature waste heat recovery
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