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432 Solar Collectors and Panels, Theory and Applications There are three basic modes of the low-temperature solar thermal electricity system in the practical operating period. In Mode I, the system requires generation of electricity and irradiation is available. In this mode, Valves 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are open. Pumps 1 and 3 are running. Valves 11 and 12 may be open while Pump 2 may run to prevent superheating in the evaporator when irradiation is strong. Flow direction of the organic fluid is illustrated by arrows. Organic fluid is preheated in FPCs and subsequently vaporized in the evaporator under high pressure. In the event that organic fluid is not totally vaporized, liquid will drop into the fluid storage tank; it will not harm the turbine. Vapor flows into the turbine and expands, exporting power in the process because of enthalpy drop. The outlet vapor is cooled down in the regenerator and condensed to a liquid state in the condenser. Meanwhile, the liquid is pressurized by Pump 1 and warmed in the regenerator. Subsequently, organic fluid is sent back to the first stage collectors and is circulated. On the use of Pump 2, the system can run steadily in a wide irradiation range. Without any complicated controlling device, the process of heat storage or heat release can occur while electricity is being generated. In Mode II, the system does not require generation of electricity but irradiation is sound. Valves 2, 8, 9, and 10 are open. Pumps 3 and 4 are running. The dashed lines in Fig.1 represent pipes for heat storage, with the exception of the line that passes through Valves 6 and 7. FPCs are connected with PCM (1) and CPC collectors are connected with PCM (2). In Mode III, the system requires generation of electricity; however, irradiation is either extremely weak or unavailable. Valves 1, 6, and 7 are open, and Pump 1 is running. Organic fluid is preheated by the first-stage heat storage of PCM (1) and further heated by the second-stage heat storage of PCM (2). Mode I is described as the simultaneous processes of heat collection and power conversion and is under special investigation in this work. 3. Working fluid properties The ORC fluid can be classified into three categories according to the temperature-entropy (T−s) diagrams. It is noteworthy that for some kinds of fluids, the derivative of temperature with respect to entropy on the saturation vapor curve may change from positive value to negative value, e.g. dT of R123 on the saturation vapor curve is positive ds when T is smaller than 150°C while negative at higher temperature ranges. In this case, dry fluids are generally named for the positive dT in practical operation temperature range ds dT from the cold side to the hot side. And wet fluids would have negative ds on the saturation vapor curve. Meanwhile, isentropic fluids have approximately infinite value of dT (nearly ds vertical curve). The working fluids of dry or isentropic type are more appropriate for ORC systems. The reason is that dry or isentropic fluids are superheated after isentropic expansion, thereby eliminating the concerns of impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blades and making the superheated apparatus unnecessary [6]. Based on this consideration, five dry fluids are selected in the analysis. They are R113, R123, R245fa, pentane and butane. Some of properties of these fluids are listed in table 1. The optimal FPC proportion and the overall collector efficiency are related to the latent heat and heat capacity in saturation liquid states as discussed in Section 5.3. www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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