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Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units 435 With c1 =A/G, c2 =B/G,thecollectionareaaccordingtoEqs.8and9isintegratedbythe following: oa1 2ia S= m ⎡(C +αθ )lnT −T −θ +(C +αθ )lnθ −T +T ⎤ (10) cG(θ−θ)⎢ p,a 1 T−T−θ p,a 2 θ−T+T⎥ 221⎣ ia1 2oa⎦ where θ1 and θ2 are the arithmetical solutions of the following equations (θ1 < 0, θ2 > 0 ). η−cθ−cθ2=0. (11) o12 Cp,a =Cp,0 +α(Ta −T0) (12) Subsequently, total thermal efficiency of the collector system is calculated using the following: η = m To ∫C (T)dT (13) GS Ti c p Combining Eq.13 with Eqs.9 and 10, the following is obtained: η= c(θ−θ)[C (T−T)+0.5α(T−T)(T+T−2T)] (14) c +αθ )ln +(C +αθ )ln 1 p,a 2 (C p,a θ −T +T (T −T −θ ) θ −T +T oa1 2ia 2 2 1 p,0 o i o i o i 0 T −T −θ ia1 2oa Effect of c1 is expressed by Eq.11 There are two inlet temperatures, as well as two outlet temperatures in the two-stage collectors. Total collector efficiency is calculated by the following: η = Q = ΔH +ΔH (15) c ΔH 1 + ΔH2 4.3 Heat transfer between conduction oil and working fluid Thermal efficiency of FPCs can be calculated directly by the inlet and outlet temperatures of working fluid, according to Eq.14. On the other hand, thermal efficiency of CPC collectors is determined by the heat transfer process in the evaporator. The temperature relationship between working fluid and conduction oil must be established. This section focuses on heat transfer in the evaporator, and the developed equations can easily be extended to the case of the condenser. Counter-current concentric tubes are adopted, and the parameters are listed in Table 2. p,0 GS η 1 η 2 FPC CPC is the first- or second-stage collector efficiency, and ΔH1 or ΔH2 is the or α or collector heat loss coefficient varies when the fluid or the collector is different. where ηFPC or ηCPC enthalpy increment of working fluid in the first- or second-stage collectors. The value of C www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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