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Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units 437 dx = UπDi(Th −Tf ) (19) dY mf(hf,v−hf,l) Convection heat transfer coefficient of two-phase flow can be obtained in Rohsenow’s handbook [19]. 4.4 Calculation of frictional resistance Viscosity of the oil is generally larger as compared with that of working fluid or water. For precise simulation, flow frictional resistance of oil should be evaluated. With N lines of the parallel concentric tubes, the required pump power is obtained by the following [17]: Y22 W≈∫ 128υm$ν dY (20) oil πN(D −D)3(D +D)η Y1 oioip where m$ is the total mass flow rate of oil through the tubes; υ is the viscosity of oil, m2⋅s−1;ν isthespecificvolumeofoil,m3⋅kg−1;andY2−Y1isthelengthofasingletube. It is noted that Eq.20 may easily be extended to the case of organic fluid when the negative effect of Pump 2 is considered due to increased flow rate in the evaporator. Subsequently, the properties and diagrams in Eq.20 would be refined. 4.5 Overall thermal efficiency Net electricity output W is obtained by subtracting oil pump power from net output of the ORC. W = Worc − Woil (21) Global electricity efficiency is defined by the proportion of net electricity output to the total irradiation as follows: 5. Results and discussion η=W (22) GS The parameters for simulation are listed in table 2. The collectors and turbine are key issues of the low temperature solar thermal power system and the performance is proposed according to market available product [20, 21, 22]. The second-stage heat storage medium appropriate for the low temperature solar thermal electric system could be erythritol, which ( MgCl ⋅ 6H O ) would be appropriate as well, which has melting point 117°C, heat of fusion 22 has melting point 120°C and heat of fusion 339.8 kJ/kg. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 168.6 kJ/kg and thermal conductivity 0.694 W /m⋅K (solid). The evaporation temperature considered in this paper is 120°C, which would be well correlated with the above PCMs. 5.1 Comparison of ORC efficiencies The global efficiency of the proposed system is determined by both heat collection and power conversion processes. In this section, influences of working fluids on the ORC www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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