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438 Solar Collectors and Panels, Theory and Applications efficiency are investigated. Performance of working fluids in the ORC is compared in table 3. The environment temperature is 20°C. In order to obtain the same dryness of 1.0 at the evaporator outlet, the collector area for each fluid is different. The state points are referred to as those in the thermodynamic cycle (figure 2). (hl − h2′ ) /(h4 − h2′ ) represents the ratio of heat required in the sub-cooled heating process to the total heat absorbed by fluid in the ORC process. The relationship between this ratio and optimal FPC proportion will be analyzed in Section 5.3. Table 3 shows that in the case of dry fluids, the regenerator can significantly warm working fluids from the condenser and complement the heat supplied from outside. The temperature arisen in the regenerator for R123, R113, R245fa, pentane or butane is 14.7°C, 23.3°C, 14.2°C, 25.5°C or 15.3°C respectively. The ORC efficiencies of the fluids are close, though R113 has a maximum value of 0.161 and butane has a minimum value of 0.147. State point 1 2s 2 2’ 4 5s 5 6 assumed R123 R113 R245fa pentane butane t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 6 real (h −h )/(h −h) l 2′ 4 2′ ORC efficiency h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C h kJ/kg t /°C 225.14 25.38 225.89 25.62 226.14 40.34 241.25 120 449.67 38.52 406.00 50.78 414.73 25.62 396.95 29.46 399.62 0.422 0.154 222.67 25.19 223.07 25.33 223.20 48.46 244.67 120 431.71 50.99 391.45 62.71 399.50 25.33 374.24 31.06 378.03 0.377 0.161 232.46 25.60 233.78 25.93 234.22 40.61 253.79 120 484.39 40.20 437.25 50.09 446.68 25.93 423.66 29.55 427.11 0.515 0.148 -25.93 25.28 -24.58 25.47 -24.13 50.96 36.41 120 490.59 54.81 392.84 65.42 412.39 25.47 341.16 31.69 351.84 0.403 0.160 259.46 25.85 262.90 26.32 264.05 41.58 301.81 120 740.69 40.68 649.49 50.48 667.73 26.32 623.31 30.00 629.97 0.514 0.147 h kJ/kg Note: hl is the enthalpy of Table 3. Comparison of working fluids performance in the ORC 5.2 Heat collection efficiency of single-stage collectors saturation liquid at 120°C. For the purpose of a better understanding of the advantage of two-stage collectors on heat collection efficiency, a prior study on single-stage collectors is necessary. The collectors in single-stage system and the second stage collectors in two-stage system are CPC collectors connected with evaporator. And single-stage collectors could be interpreted as a special case of two-stage collectors with FPC proportion equal to 0. Heat transfer in the evaporator is simulated in order to establish the relationship between ORC operation temperature and www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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