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Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units 439 CPC efficiency. The organic fluid is heated from sub-cooled to binary phase conditions in the evaporator. Table 4 shows the single-stage collectors efficiency and the specific distribution of thermodynamic parameters. The subscript of f or h represents organic fluid or conduction oil respectively. x f ,o is the dryness of organic fluid at evaporator outlet. Tf ,i is the organic fluid inlet temperature. The evaporator inlet temperatures of the working fluids are different due to the use of regenerator. Since the fluids and conduction oil flow in a contrary direction, the inlet of fluids means location next to the outlet of conduction oil. In order to heat the organic fluid from sub-cooled to saturation vapor state in the evaporator, heat transfer irreversibility between the conduction oil and fluids is large. The average operating temperature of CPC collectors is higher than ORC evaporation temperature, regardless of the much lower inlet temperature of working fluid in the evaporator. A smaller mass flow rate mh can reduce the outlet temperature of conduction oil Th,o , but Th,i will be increased. The reason is that the fluid temperature is constant in the binary phase region and heat is required for evaporation. A smaller mh would lead to a larger difference between inlet oil temperature and ORC evaporation temperature according to the law of conservation of energy. As collector efficiency declines more steeply at higher operating temperature, small mh is not preferable. The heat collection efficiency of single-stage collectors on condition of irradiation 750 W /m2 for R123, R113, R245fa, pentane or butane is 46.47%, 46.05%, 47.02%, 46.37% or 47.01% respectively. parameter Organic fluid R245fa 1.12 7.00 40.61 1.0 114.51 131.16 47.02 m f kg/s mh kg/s Tf ,i °C xf ,o R123 R113 1.23 1.38 7.00 7.00 40.34 48.46 1.0 1.0 116.94 118.61 133.37 135.15 46.47 46.05 pentane 0.57 7.00 50.96 1.0 117.21 133.94 46.37 butane 0.59 7.00 41.58 1.0 114.43 131.32 47.01 Th,o °C Th ,i °C ηc % Note: irradiation is 750 W /m2 Table 4. Heat collection efficiency of single-stage collectors 5.3 Influences of working fluids on two-stage collectors Economical and technological performances as well as collector efficiency have to be taken into consideration to evaluate the low temperature solar thermal power system with two- stage collectors. However, this work is concerned about influences of working fluids on heat collection and power conversion efficiency. In addition to key factors such as irradiation and environmental temperature that affect the efficiency of single-stage collectors, the proportion of FPC area to the total collector area plays an important role in both the overall heat collection efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the two-stage collectors. Figure 3 displays www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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