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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 429 Fig. 5. Solar collector/adsorber: (1) with detail: glass cover (A); Teflon film (B); tube covered with selective surface (C); central tube for vapour transport (D); silica gel bed (E); thermal insulation (F); (2) ventilation dampers (a—closed; b—open); (3) condenser; (4) cold box; (5) evaporator and ice storage [68]. All the experiments were performed employing a constant load (4.1 MJ day1) inside the cold box. The temperature of the evaporator was kept constant during a period of 30 days, where the total insolation received by the system was 923 MJ and the thermal loss for the ambient temperature was estimated in 26MJ. From these values, the authors calculated an average COP of 0.16. Daily ice production was not measured because the ice was formed inside the evaporator. If thermal losses in the ice production are neglected, a cooling charge of about 440 kJ can be assumed to produce 1kg of ice; therefore, this system would have a daily ice production of 4.7 kg m2 of solar panel. An innovative modular icemaker was tested by Khattab [69]. It placed the adsorbent in a glass container, positioned between reflector panels, as shown in Fig. 6. The author tested these panels at different inclinations to assess which configuration would allow the adsorber to reach higher tempera- tures. The area of each panel was 0.04 m2, and the diameter of the circular adsorber was 0.2 m2. In order to improve the thermal properties of the adsorbent bed, four types of bed techniques were proposed: (i) black metallic meshes on both faces of the glass adsorber and granular carbon inside; (ii) black metallic plates on both faces of the glass adsorber and granular carbon inside; (iii) granular carbon mixed with small pieces of blackened steel; (iv) granular carbon bonded with small pieces of blackened steel. According to the author, the proposed design has several advantages over the conventional design because each module can be considered as a single refrigeration unit with simple structure, low cost and high solar energy concentration, due to the utilization of plane reflectors. The glass adsorber allows the adsorbent to receive solar energy directly on both sides; thus the effectiveness of solar energy absorption is enhanced. As the adsorbent is uniformly heated during day- time, there is no need for insulation, which allows for effective cooling at night. Due to this kind of construction, the adsorber, the condenser and the evaporator are inside a single glass unit, which eliminates possible sites for air infiltration, and reduces the necessity for mainte- nance. The configuration using granular carbon bonded with blackened steel and reflector panel position type (c) had a COP of 0.16 and a daily ice production of 9.4 kg m2 of adsorber when the insolation was about 20 MJ m2 and average out- door temperature was 291C. Under winter condi- tions, with insolation of 17 MJ m2 and average outdoor temperature of 201C, the COP obtained was 0.14, with daily ice production of 6.9 kg m2. Oliveira [70] tested an adsorption icemaker with refrigerant mass recovery process, which had a daily ice production of 1.2 and 1.6 kg per kg of adsorbent when the generating temperatures were 75 and 851C, respectively. The COP, in both cases, was about 0.08. The adsorbers were heated by a thermal fluid, and a flat plate collector could be employed to produce fluid at temperatures close to 85 1C. Higher ice production could be expected if heat transfer in the evaporator was enhanced and if the length of time for mass recovery was shortened. Because of experimental difficulties, the time chosen in the experiments was close to 20% of the cycle time, although the greatest amount of mass recovery occurred in the first minute of this process. A different approach to increase the overall efficiency of the adsorption icemaker was studied by Wang et al. [71], who joined a solar water heater and an adsorption icemaker in the same machine.PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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