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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 431 Fig. 7. Scheme of the solar-powered water heater and refrig- erator: (1) solar collector; (2) water pipe; (3) adsorber; (4) condenser; (5) evaporator; (6) refrigerator (with cold storage); (7) hot water storage tank [71]. Fig. 8. Clapeyron diagram for combined water heating and sorption refrigeration system with heat recovery. ferred to the water in the tank, which causes an increase of about 51C in the temperature of the water (T0–Ta2). This heat recovery process converts what would be wasted heat into useful heat. A similar system was studied by Wang et al. [72] who assumed that the 4 kg of ice produced by the adsorption system could be used to keep a 100L cold box at 51C, or below, for at least 55h if the heat input on the system was between 50 and 55 MJ. Under these conditions, the daily production of hot water would be 120kg. When the input energy provided was about 40MJ, the temperature in the cold box could be kept below 4 1C for at least 24 h. Lu et al. [73] studied the performance of a split heat pipe adsorption icemaker, assuming two different heat source conditions: solar-powered heating and exhaust gas heating. In both cases, an electric heater was used to simulate the mentioned conditions. The adsorbers were filled with a mixture of activated carbon and CaCl2 in the proportion 1:4. Considering the solar powered heating situation, the generation temperature used in the experiments was between 77 and 82 1C, the adsorption temperature close to 331C and the evaporation temperature around 15 1C. The COP assessed ranged from 0.10 to 0.12 W kg1 and the SCP from 111 to 161Wkg1. The COP measured was the system COP and not the solar COP. The authors estimated that due to the solar heating efficiency, the solar COP would be about 40% of the system COP. 3. Solar-powered adsorption air conditioners In many countries the demand for electricity greatly increases in summer due to the intense use of air conditioners. Blackouts can occur if power plant capacities are not sufficient to meet demand, especially during peak hours. As this period usually coincides with higher insolation hours, the use of solar-powered air conditioners seems to be an attractive solution. At the end of the 1980s, Grenier et al. [74] presented a solar adsorption air conditioning system with 20 m2 of solar panel, which used the working pair zeolite–water. This system, shown in Fig. 9, was designed to refrigerate a 12-m3 room for food preservation. When the insolation received by the solar collectors was about 22 MJ m2, the cold room could store 1000 kg of vegetables with a rotation of 130 kg day1 for a temperature difference of 20 1C between the ambient outside and the cold room. The COP, in this case, was 0.10. Saha et al. [75] experimentally investigated a double-stage, four-bed, non-regenerative adsorption chiller powered by solar/waste heat sources between Fig. 9. Cold storage room.PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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