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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 433 Fig. 11. Scheme of the silica gel–water adsorption chiller powered by the solar water heater. Fig. 12. The 2nd-generation of the adsorption chiller developed in the SJTU [76]. reduce the number of possible places for inward air leakage. The condenser was changed to avoid undesirable refrigerant evaporation that occurred inside it during the operation of the first machine. The configuration of the adsorber was changed to improve the heat and mass transfer. Although there was some difficulty in testing both prototypes under the same operation conditions, the second proto- type proved to have better performance than the first one. The second prototype had a cooling power and a COP approximately 34% and 28% higher than the first, even if the bed of the former was regenerated by lower generation temperature. Experiments performed at generation temperature of 80 1C and evaporation temperature of 13 1C showed that the COP and the cooling power of this new system could reach 0.5 and 9.0kW, respectively. Nun ̃ ez et al. [77] developed and tested a silica gel–water adsorption chiller with nominal cooling power of 3.5kW. It had two adsorbers, each one filled with 35 kg of adsorbent. The chiller operated at generation temperatures between 75 and 951C, heat sink temperatures between 25 and 351C, and evaporation temperature ranging from 10 to 20 1C. The COP varied from 0.4 to 0.6, according to the experimental conditions. The authors compared the performance of this chiller to the performance of the Nishiyodo NAK 20/70 adsorption chiller and to the Yasaky WFS SC-10 absorption chiller. The figures of merit compared were the COP and the cooling power density at different reduced tempera- tures. This temperature was defined as the ratio between the adsorber–evaporator temperature gap and the adsorber–condenser temperature gap during the adsorption and desorption phases, respectively. At reduced temperatures below 0.35, the absorp- tion chiller produced the highest COP (about 0.7), followed by the Nishiyodo adsorption chiller (COP of 0.65), and by the experimental prototype chiller (COP of 0.60). The cooling power density of the absorption chiller at this reduced temperature was much higher than that of the adsorption chillers (30 and 15 kW m3 for the absorption chiller and for the prototype, respectively), but at higher reduced temperature, the prototype and the absorption chiller produced almost the same cooling power density (about 15kWm3). These results indicate that the cooling power of the adsorption chiller is more constant than that of the absorption chiller with respect to the variation of the working temperatures. Restuccia et al. [78] developed an adsorption chiller that employed silica gel impregnated with CaCl2 as sorption material. This adsorbent was chosen because it has high sorption ability (up to 0.7 kg of water per kg of dry sorbent) and most of the water content can be desorbed at generation temperatures between 90 and 1001C. When the condensation temperature was 351C, the COP of the chiller was close to 0.6 in the range of generation temperatures from 85 to 95 1C, but it varied between 0.3 and 0.4 when the condensation temperature was 40 1C. The evaporation temperature during these experiments was 10 1C. The SCP was 20 W kg1 when the generation temperature was 95 1C and the condensing temperature was 40 1C. 3.1. Open cycles: desiccant cooling Another kind of solar-powered air conditioner employs open adsorption systems. These systems are called open because the refrigerant, which isPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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