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ARTICLE IN PRESS 434 R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 Fig. 13. Psychometric chart for the adsorbing process in desiccant cooling. water from the air, is released into the atmosphere after the desorption process. The thermodynamic states of the air during the dehumidification and cooling process can be followed in the psychometric chart presented in Fig. 13. The cool ambient air with high humidity is blown through the adsorbent bed and it is dried almost adiabatically from point 1 to 2, then, the hot and dry air releases heat in a heat exchanger (point 2–3) to finally flows into the refrigerated ambient. During the daytime, low humidity air is blown in the adsorbent bed, which is being heated by solar energy, and removes the adsorbed water. Variations of such a scheme may include double or multiple adsorbent beds for further reduction of the humid- ity and enthalpy of the air (path 3–5 for a double bed system). When the adsorbent bed is placed in a rotating wheel, the adsorption and desorption process can occur continually, with one side of the wheel adsorbing moisture from the ambient humid air and the other side desorbing water to semi-dry air heated by solar energy or other heat sources. Ismail et al. [79] studied an open adsorption system with silica gel, which was designed to reduce the absolute humidity and enthalpy of the air used to cool grains. In such a system, the air passed through two silica gel beds and two heat exchangers to provide dry air to a grain storage room during the night. During the day, the silica gel beds were regenerated by ambient air with low relative humidity, which was heated by solar energy in the heat exchangers. The utilization of this system maintained the temperature of the grain at about 16 1C; this temperature would be closer to 21 1C without the system. The COP, based only on the electricity supplied to the system, was greatly influenced by the airflow rate, and it ranged from 3.9 to 30.3 for an airflow rate between 0.065 and 0.021 kg s1. According to the authors, the main Fig. 14. Prototype of integrated desiccant/collector dehumidifier: (1–3) thermocouples [80]. reason for these differences in the COP is the non- linear resistance to the airflow through the system, which greatly increases the power required by the fan to produce higher flow rates in comparison to that required to produce lower rates. Toruwa et al. [80] also studied a system, which is shown in Fig. 14, designed to provide conditioned air for grain storage. The system used solid compound desiccant comprised by a mixture of bentonite, CaCl2, vermiculite and cement with the mass ratio of 6:1:2:1. The compound desiccant was placed inside a 0.9m2 flat plate collector. The dehumidified air, with 40% reduced relative humid- ity, could be produced continually during nighttime at the rate of 2 m3 min1. During the daytime, the desiccant material was regenerated inside the collector, by an insolation around 19.5 MJ m2. Desiccant systems can also be used to improve the performance of evaporative cooling systems. A ventilation system for evaporative cooling with a desiccant wheel regenerated by solar energy is shown in Fig. 15. The evaporative cooling produces the cooling effect; however this effect is increased due to the dehumidification of the air by the sorbent. Such a system was studied by Henning et al. [81] and could produce inlet room air at 19 1C when the ambient temperature was as about 31 1C. The solar energy used for the regeneration of the sorbent was close to 76% of the total input energy, and the COP of the system was 0.6. The combination of desiccant wheel with the conventional vapour compression chiller can also increase the efficiency of the latter. This happens because the thermal driven sorption wheel does the removal of the latent load and the chiller just doesPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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