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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 435 Fig. 15. Scheme of solar-powered desiccant cooling system with backup heater. the removal of the sensible load. In such a situation, the chiller can work at evaporation temperatures close to 15 1C, instead of the usual 5 1C, which increases its efficiency. Lu and Yan [82] studied another kind of open sorption system for air dehumidification that could be regenerated by solar energy. This system identified as solar desiccant-enhanced radiative cooling (SDERC), used silica gel as adsorbent. It was installed on the ceiling and sidewalls, as shown in Fig. 16, of the Building 64 in the Industrial Technology Research Institute, in Taiwan, China. The sorption panels placed on the ceiling and sidewalls covered an area of 6.7 and 4.5 m2, respectively, and alternate their generation and adsorption phases to constantly produce dehumidified air. The dehumidification performance of the system greatly changes during the day, due to the different working conditions of the beds. The authors estimated that a mechanical compression air con- ditioning system would have the consumption of energy about 9 to almost 25 times higher than that of the studied system to perform a similar nighttime dehumidification. According to the authors, it is possible to save almost US$850 per year with the utilization of this system instead of the one with mechanical compression, provided that the electri- city price is US$0.115 per kWh. 3.2. Solar-powered air conditioners in real applications Xia et al. [83] applied for a patent of a silica gel–water adsorption chiller driven by a low temperature heat source that was used to cool a grain depot in the Jiangsu Province, China. This chiller has two identical chambers and a second stage evaporator with methanol as working fluid. Each chamber contains one adsorber, one conden- ser and one evaporator (the first stage evaporator). There is also a mass recovery tube between the two chambers. The whole refrigeration system, shown in Fig. 17, consists mainly of four subsystems, namely, solar-powered water-heating unit, adsorption chiller, cooling tower and fan coil unit. The solar- powered water-heating unit includes almost 50m2 of evacuated tube collectors, a water pump and a hot water storage tank. The heating unit produces hot water that regenerates the adsorption bed of the chiller. The cooling tower is used to remove heat from the condensers and from the adsorbers. The cooling effect obtained during the adsorption phase of the chiller is transferred to the grain depot through the fan coil unit. The available hot water provided by the solar collectors has a temperature between 60 and 901C. Field measurements showed that under a daily solar radiation between 16 and 21 MJ m2, the chiller can supply cold air with temperatures from 14 to 22 1C. Experiments performed when hot water at 85 1C was used to drive the chiller, resulted in a cooling power close to 4.96kW, with the corresponding cycle COP around 0.32. When the hot water temperature was 65 1C, the cooling power and cycle COP were 2.97kW and 0.23, respectively. These values indicate that the solar collectors can effec- tively drive the adsorption chiller.PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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