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438 ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 Fig. 19. (a) Shanghai ‘‘Green’’ Building; (b) equipment room. to motivate the utilization of passive techniques to control the temperature; to disseminate the knowledge of such techniques for the suitable public; to demystify the solar-powered air conditioning; to present convincing arguments for the applica- tion of solar-powered air conditionings. pre-heats the air during summer and winter, respectively, of two rooms that have a total volume of 815m3. The investment in the system was h 210,000. It was estimated that the utilization of this system could save around 30,000 kWh year1 and avoid 8.8 t year1 of CO2 emissions. The air conditioning of the offices on the first floor of the Renewable Energies Department, in Lisbon, is performed by a desiccant system which cost was h 75,000. Such a system can provide 36 kW of cooling with a COP of about 0.6. The solar energy used is about 44% of the total energy input and the installed area of the flat plate collector is 48m2. The reduction in CO2 emission with the utilization of this system was estimated to be about 3.5 t year1, and the energy savings to be around 7000 kWh year1. 4. Exhaust gas-driven adsorption icemakers The efficiency of diesel engines is about 35%, and in the operation of water-cooled engines, about 35% and 30% of the input energy is wasted in the coolant and exhaust gases, respectively [85]. Thus, recovering the waste heat can improve the energy management where such engines are employed. The use of this heat to regenerate the bed of adsorption systems is one of the alternatives to increase the overall efficiency of the diesel engine. The mechanical vapour compression system is currently the most available technology nowadays for refrigeration purposes on fishing boats, but it has certain drawbacks such as the increase of fuel consumption on the boats, because some extra energy is needed to drive the compressor. Fishing boats are generally powered by diesel engines, and the employment of adsorption refrigeration systems instead of mechanical compression ones could reduce their fuel consumption. The system in the university hospital, contem- plated in this project, has 230 m2 of evacuated tube collectors that produce hot water used to drive an adsorption chiller with a 70kW cooling power during summer, or to pre-heat the air during winter. The COP of this chiller is about 0.6, the efficiency of the solar collectors is 32% and h 353,000 was invested in the whole system, which was installed in 1999. The annual operation cost is about h 12,000. The system located in the cosmetic company uses 2700 m2 of flat plate collectors to produce hot water with a temperature of 70–75 1C. This water is used during the summer to power two adsorption chillers with 350kW of cooling power each. The COP of these chillers is about 0.6. In winter, the hot water is used for heating purposes inside the buildings. The area managed by the air conditioning system is 22,000 m2 (130,000 m3). There are also three me- chanical compression chillers with 350 kW of power to supply the cooling demand in the peak hours. The solar energy used to drive the chillers is around 66% of the total input energy, and oil burners are employed as heat source during periods of low insolation. The cost of the machinery was h 1,300,000 and it could reduce the CO2 emissions by about 5100 t year1. At the Chamber of Commerce in Freiburg, a 100- m2 solar-heated desiccant panel was installed to provide 60kW of cooling. This system cools andPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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