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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 439 Fig. 20. Consolidated carbon block. Wang et al. [86] developed an adsorption system in which the sorption beds could be regenerated by exhaust gases of diesel engines. This system was designed for ice production, and the working pair employed was activated carbon and methanol. The exhaust gases holding a temperature of about 500 1C heated water in a heat exchanger and the water was used to heat the adsorbent at the generation phase. The temperature of the hot water was adjusted to always be lower than 120 1C, because methanol, when in contact with activated carbon, is not stable at temperatures higher than this. The authors used solidified adsorbent, which is shown in Fig. 20, instead of granular one because of the difference in the heat transfer coefficient of these two materials (99 and 25 W m2 K1, respectively). Although the heat transfer performance of the solidified adsorbent was superior to that of the granular one, the mass transfer was inferior due to its low permeability. The authors stressed the importance of refrigerant flow channels inside the adsorbent to ensure that the rates of desorption and adsorption would not be influenced by the low permeability. The experiments with this prototype were per- formed with and without refrigerant mass recovery. The mass recovery proved to increase the ice production by 11%. With a cycle time of 72min and an evaporation temperature of 11 1C, the SCP was 16.8 W kg1 and the COP was 0.12. The consolidated carbon block was also used in a prototype developed by Wang and Wang [87]. The experiments with this machine employed heat and mass recovery processes to increase the SCP and the COP. An oil burner simulated the heat from the exhaust gases of a diesel engine. The system achieved a SCP of 27 W kg1 with a COP of 0.18, which resulted in a flake ice production from 18 to 20 kg h1 at 7 1C. The Fig. 21 shows a picture of the prototype producing flake ice. Tamainot-Telto and Critoph [88] developed an adsorption system with consolidated carbon blocks, and utilized ammonia as refrigerant. This system presented a SCP of 35Wkg1 and a COP of 0.10 when the evaporation temperature was 17 1C, the condensing temperature was 25 1C and the genera- tion temperature was 1051C. Assuming that this carbon had a density of 713kgm3, this system could have a cooling power density close to 24.9 kW m3. The authors mention that the utiliza- tion of higher generation temperature and heat recovery process could lead to higher SCP and COP. Wang et al. [89] compared the performance of an adsorption system using different working pairs to identify the most suitable pair for adsorption ice making on fishing boats. The pairs compared were: (1) activated carbon and methanol; (2) CaCl2 and ammonia; (3) compound adsorbent (80% CaCl2 plus 20% activated carbon) and ammonia. The pair activated carbon–methanol was that from Wang et al. [86]. In the experiment with the pair CaCl2 and ammonia, the authors measured the adsorbed mass of refrigerant at an evaporation temperature of 15 1C for different expansion ratios (void volume per filled volume of dry salt) and calculated the expected cooling capacity. The expansion ratio that produced the higher cooling capacity was 2:1. The cooling capacity was about 889 kJ kg1, and the cooling density was 185 MJ m3. The value obtained for the cooling density includes not only the volume occupied by the dry salt but also, the void volume necessary for its expansion. The compound adsorbent was tested in granular and consolidated form. The granular form pre- sented attenuation in the adsorption performance. Based on the results of their experiments, the authors mentioned that a moderate agglomeration of the salt during the adsorption process is desirable to keep the adsorption properties stable on succes- sive adsorption cycles, and this agglomeration was not observed with the granular compound. To promote the desired agglomeration, the authors mixed the compound with cement and produced a consolidated adsorbent. This compound presented stable adsorption performance after several adsorp- tion phases and higher packing density. It could produce a cooling capacity of about 660 kJ kg1, and a cooling density of 254 MJ m3, when the evapora- tion temperature was 151C. Although the cooling capacity obtained with the consolidated compound was smaller than that obtained with CaCl2, the cooling density was about 38% higher. The increase in the cooling density happened because the packingPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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