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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 443 Fig. 25. Adsorption chiller developed in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. tems can also increase the reliability of the power supply, which is vital to companies that work with computing, manufacturing and research functions. Furthermore, emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants like NOX, SO2 could also be substantially reduced. According to the US Department of Energy, CHP systems have the potential of reducing annual greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25 million t of carbon if the US Government goal to double the total capacity of installed units by 2010 was met [95]. The CCHP system installed at the beginning of 2000, in the St. Johannes hospital is composed by a fuel cell, solar collectors, a heat storage vessel, a mechanical compression chiller, an adsorption chiller, an ice storage tank and cooling ceilings. The energy collected by 116 m2 of solar panels and the waste heat from the fuel cell are stored as hot water in a vessel. The hot water drives a 105kW Mycom ADR 30 adsorption chiller, manufactured by the Japanese company Mycom (Mayekawa). The mechanical compression chiller is used to regulate the total cooling power of the system, but it is never in use during the peak hours, due to the presence of the ice storage tank [96]. The NG or LPG-fired micro-CCHP system studied in the SJTU is shown in Fig. 26. It is composed by a small-scale power generator set, which is driven by a gas engine, and a silica gel–water adsorption chiller. The refrigeration COP of this chiller is over 0.4 if it is driven by hot water at 85 1C. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency of the system is above 70%. This system could have a payback period between 2 and 3.2 years, for commercial buildings or between 1.7 and 2.4 years for hotels, if the natural gas price ranged from US$ 0.19 to 0.23 per Nm3. Detailed information about this system is shown by Wang et al. [97]. Desiccant systems can also be integrated into a CCHP system, as studied by Maranthan [98]. This author optimized the operation conditions of a CCHP system in Maryland University, where the exhaust air stream from a 60kW micro turbine was used to power an absorption system and regenerate a solid desiccant wheel. The system provided 5000 m3 h1 of dehumidified air for space conditioning. 7. Heat pipes in adsorption systems The high initial costs of the machines and the low heat transfer properties of the adsorbers are among the limitations for the commercial application of adsorption systems. The use of heat pipes could help to reduce these problems, not only due to the high heat flux density provided by these devices, but also due to the lack of moving parts to drive the heat transfer medium, which makes the whole system cheaper and more reliable. According to Vasiliev [99], cascading sorption machines that employ heat pipes as heat exchangers can have their size reduced because they need less intermediate elements and may present the possibility of combine different energy sources in the same prototype, as demon-PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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