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ARTICLE IN PRESS 448 R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 When the adsorber is heated, the water is desorbed and vapour flows to the condenser. The condensed water is moved by gravity to the evaporator, which is located below the former device. During the adsorp- tion phase, as the adsorber is cooled, its pressure decreases and water vapour from the evaporator flows back to the adsorbers. A methanol vacuum chamber, comprised by an evaporator and a condenser, surrounds the water vacuum chambers. The function of the methanol chamber is to transfer heat from the indoor air to the WE. The methanol condenser and the WE are integrated into a single part called ‘‘separator’’. When the indoor air flows through the ME, the methanol evaporates and condenses on the surface of the WE. The condensate returns to the ME by gravity. Evaluation tests were conducted under the work- ing conditions shown in Table 2, and the COP and the cooling power are shown in Table 3. If some of the problems associated with the manufacturing process can be solved, this chiller is expected to reach a cooling power of 995 W with a COP of 0.48, when powered by hot water at 85 1C and cooled by cold water at 30 1C. 8. Key issues for the development of adsorption systems The adsorption systems must have their size and cost reduced to become more commercially attrac- tive. The most promising alternatives to achieve these goals include the enhancement of the internal and external heat transfer of the adsorber to increase the SCP, and the improvement of the heat management to increase the COP. The main technologies to enhance the external heat transfer in the adsorber are related to the increase of the heat exchange area, the use of coated adsorbers and the utilization of heat pipe technology, which was described in the previous section. To improve the internal heat transfer, the most suitable option is the employment of consolidated adsorbents. 8.1. Extended surfaces Several types of extended surfaces can be considered, such as finned tubes, plate heat ex- changers and plate–fin heat exchangers. This solu- tion is suitable if the wall heat transfer coefficient is not low and if there is no swelling or shrinking effect of the sorbent which could produce a considerable alteration in this coefficient. The drawback of this technology is that it increases the thermal capacity of the adsorber; therefore, extended surfaces heat exchangers require efficient heat management to produce reasonable COPs. Furthermore, this solu- tion should be avoided if the operation pressure is very low and the Knudsen effect can occur [101]. 8.2. Coated adsorbers The utilization of coated adsorbers is particularly suited for applications where high COP is not as important as high SCP. This technology consists in Cooling water inlet temp. (1C) 32 28 30 32 Cooling power (W) Table 2 Working conditions for the adsorption chiller Flow rate of hot water (L min1) Flow rate of cooling water (L min1) Flow rate of air (m3 min1) Indoor air dry bulb temp. (1C) Indoor air wet bulb temp. (1C) Cycle time (min) Heating time of each adsorber (min) Cooling time of each adsorber (min) Heat recovery time (s) Mass transfer time (min) Time for switching the valves (s) 5 10 4.5 27 19 38 or 36a 15 15 20 3or2a 80 aIf the temperature of the inlet heating water was 901C. Table 3 Cooling power and COP of the adsorption chiller Heating water inlet temp. (1C) Cooling water inlet temp. (1C) 28 30 90 0.319 85 0.339 80 0.319 75 0.290 70 0.291 0.304 0.321 0.298 — — 0.290 792.2 0.301 794.6 0.275 680.1 — 558.0 — 489.3 722.5 659.3 718.5 653.9 615.0 548.6 — — — — COPPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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