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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 449 the increase of the wall heat transfer coefficient by the effective decrease of the contact thermal resistance between the heat exchange surface and the adsorbent. Dunne [108] developed coated tubes where zeolite crystals monolayers grew on the tube metal surfaces. The heating rate of this adsorber is higher than 1500 W kg1 of sorbent. Bou et al. [109] developed a coated heat exchanger where the adsorbent bed was inserted in an expanded graphite plate. With this technique, the contact between the heat transfer fluid and the adsorbent is not as close as in the previous coated tube, but the ratio between the mass of adsorbent and the mass of inert material is much higher, since the thickness of the adsorbent bed can reach a few millimetres. The main disadvantage of using coated adsorber is the very high ratio between the inert mass and the adsorbent mass, which spoils the COP. In order to overcome this drawback, a very effective heat management is required. Restuccia and Cacciola [35] compared by simulation the performances of two heat pumps in which one of them had an adsorber with coated surface and in the other one, the adsorber was filled with pelleted zeolite. The coated surface adsorber had a thin layer (1 mm) of zeolite, which was synthesized outside the tubes of a tube and shell heat exchanger. The system with pelleted zeolite was from a previous study per- formed by Benthem et al. [29]. The system with coated tube had a cooling power about 3.6 times higher than that obtained with the system that employed pelleted zeolite. Due to the utilization of heat recovery process in both systems, the COP of the former was only 2% lower than the COP of the latter. 8.3. Consolidated and composite adsorbents Consolidated adsorbent with high thermal con- ductivity can be considered as the most promising alternative to enhance the heat transfer within the adsorber. Poyelle et al. [36] used a consolidated composite compound made from zeolite and ex- panded graphite with enhanced heat transfer properties in their experiments and achieved a SCP four times higher than that obtained using zeolite pellets. Guilleminot et al. [6] studied a consolidated composite compound made from a mixture of zeolite and metallic foam. The compound produced from zeolite and copper foam had a thermal conductivity of 8.0 W m1 K1, which was 22 times higher than that of consolidated zeolite. The authors stressed the importance of the metallic foam material used in the compound, as the thermal conductivity obtained with the compound manu- factured from zeolite and nickel foam was only 1.7 W m1 K1. Tamainot-Telto and Critoph [88] studied the performance of a consolidated compound of acti- vated carbon and organic binder in an adsorption system for ice making. They concluded that the system with the consolidated compound had a SCP 90% higher than that of the system with granular carbon. A different approach was tested by Aidoun and Ternan [17], Aidoun and Ternan [19], Dellero et al. [11], Dellero and Touzain [12], Vasiliev et al. [104] and Vasiliev et al. [105]. These authors used carbon fibers as adsorbent to obtain higher thermal conductivity and permeability in the sorbent bed. Vasiliev et al. [105] compared the performance of a heat pump using a carbon fiber called Busofit to another heat pump which had this material im- pregnated with CaCl2. The cooling power of the latter was 10% higher assuming that both systems had an evaporation temperature of 20 1C. Accord- ing to Vasiliev et al. [104], the use of such a kind of fiber with metallic salts promotes a thin film distribution of the salt through the whole volume of the sorbent bed, which is beneficial to the adsorption process. These authors studied a heat pump with two adsorbers in which one was filled with Busofit impregnated with BaCl2 and the other was filled with Busofit impregnated with NiCl2. This system has a claimed coefficient of amplification (COA) of 1.43 with a temperature lift close to 100 1C. Dellero et al. [11] compared the adsorption performance of carbon fibers connected to metallic salts by simple mixture, by impregnation and by intercalation. The results obtained by the latter two methods were far superior to those obtained by simple mixture. According to these authors, the compounds made by impregnation or intercalation have not only faster reaction rates, but also provide complete reaction by avoiding the agglomeration phenomenon. The authors stressed that although both methods present good adsorption perfor- mance, in the impregnation method, the salts start to adhere less to the fibers after few reactions while in the intercalation method, the quantity of salt is hard controlled and the preparation time is very long. The importance of the length of the fibers inPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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