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ARTICLE IN PRESS 450 R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 the heat transfer process inside the adsorbers was confirmed by the experiments performed by Dellero and Touzain [12]. These authors compared fibers 30 and 3 cm long impregnated with MnCl2 and found that the reaction was completed within 15 min with the shorter fibers while it took about 60 min with the longer ones. The short fibers could remain posi- tioned in the radial direction, which was the same direction of the heat transfer, while the long fibers tended to wind round the adsorber centre. The direction of the short fibers normal to the heat transfer could explain the fast reaction rates observed with this compound. Aidoun and Ternan [17] impregnated carbon fibers with CoCl2 and obtained power densities, in a heat pump using ammonia as refrigerant, around 280 kW m3 that last for about 30 min when the decomposition pressure was set to 1000kPa. The authors noted that when the sorbent reached temperatures close to 3001C, the adsorption per- formance was deteriorated with consequent reduc- tion of the power density. In another work [19], the same authors with similar sorbent obtained a power density of about 235 kW m3 during the synthesis phase, when the evaporator pressure was kept in the range between 700 and 950 kPa. Fig. 32. Consolidated composite adsorbent made from CaCl2 and activated carbon. Wang et al. [21] developed a consolidated compound, which is shown in Fig. 32, made from a mixture of CaCl2 and activated carbon. Experi- ments performed by these authors showed that the utilization of this compound could lead to a cooling density 35% higher than that obtained by the use of powder CaCl2. In recent work, Wang et al. [22] studied a consolidated compound, made from CaCl2 and expanded graphite. This compound presented a thermal conductivity of more than 32 times higher than that of powder CaCl2. An adsorption system using this compound could have a cooling density of about 330 MJ m3 at 10 1C, which is about 45% higher than that obtained with powder CaCl2. Fig. 33 shows the consolidated compound before and after the adsorption of ammonia. Eun et al. [13], studied the thermal and mass transfer properties of a compound made from silica gel and expanded graphite. Composite blocks with 20–30% of graphite mass, and under a compression pressure between 4 and 40MPa, showed a perme- ability of between 3 and 40 1012 m2, and a thermal conductivity of between 10 and 20 W m1 K1. These values of thermal conductivity are much higher than the 0.17 W m1 K1 usually found in granular silica gel packed bed. Non-uniform reaction blocks, made from metallic salts impregnated into an expanded graphite matrix, were manufactured by Lee et al. [24]. These blocks were designed to improve the heat and mass transfer performance of chemical heat pump adsorbers. In contrast with other compounds that have uniform properties, such as the bulk density and the expanded graphite mass fraction, the studied blocks were prepared to increase the bulk density gradually in the radius direction from 165 to 394 kg m3. The experimental results showed that these blocks have much better heat transfer capability, since the temperature gap between the inner and outer sides Fig. 33. Consolidated composite adsorbent from CaCl2 and expand graphite: (a) before adsorption and (b) after adsorption [22].PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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