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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 451 of the bed was smaller than that in the uniform reaction blocks. Han et al. [14] measured the effective thermal conductivity and the gas permeability of a com- pound adsorbent made from expanded graphite impregnated with MnCl2. The compound tested had a graphite bulk density of between 100 and 250kgm3, and the values obtained were in the range from 14.0 to 25.6 W m1 K1 for the thermal conductivity and between 8.1 1015 and 2.5 1013 m2 for the permeability. The results of a simulation using these experimental data showed that when the operating pressure was equal or bellow 1.0 bar and the graphite bulk density of the reactive medium was higher than 200kgm3, the rate of global conversion was significantly reduced by the mass-transfer limitation. The absence of a distinctive heat front in the adsorbent was noticed, which could mean that heat transfer is not a limiting factor in the performance of the studied compound. Expanded graphite was also employed at a MnCl2–PbCl2 resorption system designed to refrig- erate and keep a 88L cold box at 278K during 3h. The machine was comprised by two reactors and the reactor with the mixture expanded graphite/PbCl2 was placed inside the cold box to absorb the heat from the air, while the reactor with the mixture of expanded graphite/MnCl2 released the heat to the environment [110]. In general, consolidated adsorbents have lower mass transfer properties than granular adsorbents, which could lead to very low adsorption rates especially for refrigerants evaporating under atmo- spheric pressure, such as water or methanol. Thus, besides experiments to identify the thermal con- ductivity and the wall heat transfer coefficient of these compounds, experiments to identify their permeability must also be performed when a new consolidated adsorbent is formulated. By controlling the compression pressure, and the mass ratio between the adsorbent and the inert material, it is possible to control the density of the final compound and its properties of heat and mass transfer. 8.4. Advanced cycles The aim of the researches focused on advanced cycles with heat management is the increase of the COP, since in the conventional adsorption cycle, this figure of merit is usually smaller than 0.4 [111]. Fig. 34. Adsorption cycle with heat regeneration. In the cycle with heat recovery, one adsorber, at the beginning of the adsorption phase, releases heat to a cold adsorber, which is starting the generation phase. Theoretically, this process can continue until the temperatures of both adsorbers are similar, but for practical reasons, it usually stops when the difference between the temperatures is within the range of 5–15 1C. Then, the adsorbers are connected to a heat sink and heat source, to finish, respec- tively, the adsorption and the generation process. Due to this heat management, about 35% of the total energy transmitted to each adsorber can be internally recovered, including part of the sorption enthalpy [49]. Higher COPs can be expected with cycles that employ heat regeneration process, which is also called thermal wave. The inlet fluid temperatures (points A and C in Fig. 34) are the same as the heat sink and heat source temperatures, respectively. The outlet fluid temperatures (points B and D) change with the time. In the heat regeneration process, the heat transfer fluid flows successively through: (i) one adsorber, which is being cooled; (ii) the heat source; (iii) another adsorber, which is being heated; and (iv) the heat sink. When the gradient of temperature between the inlet and outlet heat transfer fluid from the first adsorber is large, only a limited heat power is required from the heat source in order to provide a large heat power to the second adsorber. Accord- ing to Pons and Poyelle [49], this is possible because the large amount of energy recovered from the first adsorber is regenerated (according to the thermo- dynamics second law) by the energy supplied at high temperature. The heat regeneration can be a very efficient heat storage process because about 65% ofPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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