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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 453 reaction chillers operated together under triple and quadruple effect. The absorption chiller is used in the bottom stage due to temperature restrictions observed in this kind of machine, and the chemical reaction chiller is employed in the topping stage. A system performing the cycle with triple effect in double stage only shows higher COP than a double stage absorption system if the COP of the topping machine is higher than 0.3. When the system operates under the three stages quadruple effect cycle, the theoretical COP can be close to 2.0 if the COP of the chemical sorption chiller is 0.5 or about 1.6 if the COP of the latter is 0.3. In both cases, the COP would be higher than the value of 1.2, which was assumed for a double stage absorption chiller. Besides the utilization of heat management cycles, it is possible to employ refrigerant mass recovery between two adsorbent beds to enhance effectively both the cooling power and the COP. Szarzynski et al. [45], analysed cycles with refrigerant mass recovery and concluded that the SCP could be increased by about 20%. This author did not notice major changes in the COP. Wang [53] compared the COP of adsorptions systems with and without mass recovery and found that the former could produce a COP from 10% to 100% higher than the latter. The difference between the COPs was higher at lower generation temperatures. In the experiments carried out by Oliveira et al. [56], the operation of an icemaker with mass recovery enhanced the adsorbed mass with about 37–42% when compared to the operation of the system without this process. The pair employed in the experiments was activated carbon–ammonia, and the generation temperatures were 85 and 1151C. At the lowest generation temperature, the utilization of the cycle with mass recovery in double stage produced the best results, while at the highest generation temperature, the best results were obtained when the conventional mass recovery was employed. The cycle with mass recovery in double stage studied by these authors inserts the process of mass recovery at the end of the generation/adsorption phase of the conventional double stage cycle to increase the amount of adsorbed mass from the evaporator. The adsorption research team of the SJTU has successfully used mass recovery in the development of adsorption systems. The improvements were in the order of 7–22% for the SCP and 20–30% for the COP, depending on the application and operation conditions [76,86]. Although the advanced cycles can increase the performance of the adsorption systems, the com- plexity of the system also increases. Therefore, among the studied advanced cycles, the mass recovery cycle seems to be one of the most cost- effective ways to improve both COP and SCP. 9. Conclusions Since the interest in adsorption systems was renewed in the last 20 years, the COP and the SCP of these systems greatly increased due to the work of several research groups. The Table 4 shows some of the best performances obtained by different prototypes manufactured during this period, for the applications and heat sources discussed in this paper. The results should not be compared to one another, as they were obtained under different working conditions, but they should be used as a reference of what can be expected from these systems. Most solar icemaker prototypes have a daily ice production between 4 and 7 kg m2 of solar collector, with a solar COP between 0.10 and 0.16. These values could increase even more if the future machines start to be manufactured with consoli- dated composite adsorbent. Solar energy can also drive desiccant systems that can be are used to remove the latent load and humidity of the air. Simple systems as described by Ismail [79] and Toruwa [80] can be applied for air conditioning in grain storage. These systems can also be combined with evaporative cooling or with mechanical compression systems to increase their performance. In both cases, the desiccant material can be regenerated by waste heat or solar energy. Such applications are already found in some buildings in Europe [84]. After several projects aimed to increase the performance of the adsorption chillers with the pair silica gel–water, these chillers can be currently found on the market and they are already under operation as part of the air conditioning systems located in buildings or in a Chinese grain depot. As the adsorptive beds of the chillers can be regenerated by low-grade temperatures, waste heat or solar energy can be used as heat source. These chillers can also be employed in CCHP systems as demonstrated by the application in a hospital situated in Germany, and by recent studies in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency in these systems can bePDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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