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ARTICLE IN PRESS 454 R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 Table 4 Performance of adsorption systems for different applications Application Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Ice making Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Chilled water Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Air conditioning Heat source temperature or insolation 20 MJ m2 day1 105 1C 18.1–19.2 MJ m2 day1 17–20 MJ m2 day1 15.4 MJ m2 day1 20 MJ m2 day1 o120 1C 115 1C 55 1C 100 1C 65 1C 75–95 1C 80–95 1C 80 1C 232 1C 204 1C 230 1C 310 1C 100 1C 230–300 1C Working pair AC-methanol AC-NH3 AC-methanol AC-methanol Silica gel–water AC+blackened steel-methanol AC-methanol AC+CaCl2–NH3 Silica gel–water AC-methanol Silica gel–water Silica gel–water Silica gel–water Silica gel–water AC-NH3 Zeolite–water Zeolite–water Zeolite–water AC-NH3 Zeolite–water COP SCP or ice production Year Ref. 0.12 6 kg day1 m2 1986 [59] 0.10 35 W kg1 1997 [88] 0.12–0.14 5.0–6.0 kg day1 m2 2002 [62] 0.13–0.15 6.0–7.0 kg day1 m2 2004 [63] 0.16a 2.05 MJ day1 m2 2004 [68] 0.16 9.4 kg day1 m2b 2004 [69] 0.18 27 W kg1 2005 [87] 0.39 770 W kg1c 2006 [73] 0.36 3.2 kW Unit1 2001 [75] 0.4 73.1 W kg 1 2001 [52] 0.28 12.0 kW Unit1 2004 [83] 0.35–0.60 15.0 kW m3 2004 [77] 0.3–0.6 20 W kg1d 2004 [78] 0.33–0.5 91.7–171.8 W kg1 2005 [76] 0.42–1.19 NIe 1996 [113] 0.6–1.6 36–144 W kg1 1998 [112] 0.41 97 W kg1 1999 [36] 0.38 25.7 W kg 1 2000 [85] 0.2 600 W kg 1 2003 [92] 0.20–0.21 21.4–30 W kg1 2004 [90] aAverage value obtained during 30 days of continuous operation. bBased on the area of the adsorber, which was different from the area of the reflector panels. cThe SCP is based on the mass of CaCl2 inside one adsorbent bed and only in the duration of the adsorption phase. dAt generation temperature of 951C. eNot informed. above 70%. When applied to commercial buildings, a CCHP with rated electricity power of 12 kW, rated cooling power of 10 kW and rated heating power of 28 kW would have a payback period of between 2 and 3.2 years if the price of the natural gas ranged from US$ 0.19–0.23 per N m3 [97]. Unless higher generation temperatures are em- ployed to regenerate the beds of the chillers, which is not always possible for solar-powered systems, further improvements in the COP may be obtained only with new designs that reduce the thermal capacity of the adsorber, because at low generation temperatures, just a limited heat recovery is possible. When higher heat source temperatures are avail- able, which is the case of CCHP systems, it is reasonable to expect that COPs higher than 2 could be obtained with chemical reaction chillers using internal heat management, as the predicted Carnot COP at 300 1C can be as high as 3 [101]. The cost of adsorption chillers, that nowadays is about US$ 7000 for a 10 kW-unit, could be reduced by mass production and by the use of technologies that could diminish the number of components in the machines. Heat pipes are among the technolo- gies suitable to accomplish such a goal, as demon- strated with some experiments performed at the SJTU [83,106,107]. Consolidated compound adsorbents have shown their potential to increase the cooling performance of the adsorption refrigeration machines and should be employed whenever possible. A modular air conditioner with consolidated carbon achieved SCP of 600 W kg1 and COP of 0.2 [92]. This prototype was produced in a double-module configuration with small cooling power (100 W). Experiments with higher number of modules have not been tested yet to confirm if this high SCP could be kept under higher cooling power applications. The adsorption research team of the SJTU recently achieved successful results with the utiliza- tion of consolidated sorbent compound. A new prototype of adsorption icemaker presented a cool- ing power, based on the length of the cooling period and in the mass of salt of 770Wkg1 and a COP of 0.39, when the evaporation temperature was 20 1CPDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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