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V. BIOCONVERSION USING WASTE HEAT The recovered waste heat from supercritical CO2 gas turbine fast reactors is used for methane and methanol production through bioconversion processes using human and animal wastes produced by cities and farms.2 The wastes are kitchen garbage, sewage sludge, woody wastes, paper, crop residues, and animal feces. Bioconversion facilitates chemical storage of the waste heat. Heat demand is dependent upon the time, season, and region. Fluctuation in heat demand can be managed and transportation is simple if waste heat is stored as methane and methanol. Methane is produced from fermentation by anaerobic digestion of the kitchen garbage, sewage sludge, crop residues, and dung. The methane production process comprises the following four stages: First stage: Wastes in a solid state are changed to a slurry state and hydrolyzed. Second stage: Short chain fatty acids are formed. Third stage: Short chain fatty acids are decomposed to acetic acid and hydrogen. Fourth stage: Methane is produced. One methane fermentation process uses high- temperatures (50–55°C); one uses low-temperature (35– 38°C). The methane production quantity per unit weight of wastes is higher and the processing time is half in the high-temperature than in the low-temperature process. However, the high-temperature process requires extra energy through fossil-fuel combustion for heating of the waste materials; such combustion is unnecessary for the low-temperature process. Efficient high-temperature processes can be used without using extra energy such as fossil fuel burning if the recovered waste heat from the supercritical CO2 gas turbine fast reactors is used. Methane produced from the fermentation process is used as fuel for fuel cells and gas turbine power generators. Fermentation of ethanol from corn and sugar cane has attracted considerable interest in Brazil and the U.S. This process poses the essential problem that it consumes food materials, even though food shortages might occur during the latter half of this century because of steeply increasing populations in underdeveloped countries. Another ingredient of ethanol production is cellulosic biomass. Ethanol is produced by hydrolysis and fermentation of woody wastes, paper, straw, and bagasse (sugarcane residue). The recovered waste heat from the supercritical CO2 gas turbine fast reactors is used for hydrolysis and fermentation processes to raise the reaction rate. The waste heat is also used for distillation to separate and concentrate ethanol. An advanced energy system consists of an S-CO2 gas turbine FR as a dispersed energy source, a new waste- heat recovery system from the FR and a bioconversion system using the recovered waste heat. Compact and high-performance microchannel heat exchangers are used in the S-CO2 FR, the new waste-heat recovery system and the fermentation system. The S-CO2 FR achieves higher cycle efficiency than conventional sodium-cooled FRs with steam turbines, eliminating problems of conventional FRs related to safety, plant maintenance, and construction costs. The S-CO2 FR consumes minor actinide elements produced in light water reactors as fuel- reducing long-lived radioactive wastes. The cogeneration system would be 2.5 times more effective in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions than current LWRs because the total energy utilization efficiency is greater than 85%. The cogeneration system fosters a recycling society through production of methane and methanol from human and animal wastes and their utilization as fuel for fuel cells, automobiles, and gas-turbine power plants. REFERENCES 1. Y. KATO, T. NITAWAKI and Y. MUTO, “Medium Temperature Carbon Dioxide Gas Turbine Reactor,” Nucl. Eng. Design, 230, pp. 195-207 (2004). 2. “JSME Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook – Applications: Energy Supply Systems,” pp. 186-190, Japan Soc. of Mechanical Engineers (2005). 3. Y. KATO and Y. MUTO, “Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine Fast Reactors,” Proc. ICAPP 2007, 2007 Int’l. Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, Nice Acropolis, France, May13-18, Paper #7072, 2007. 4. Y. KATO, T. NITAWAKI and K. FUJIMA, “Zero Waste Heat Release Nuclear Cogeneration System,” Proc. 2003 Intl. Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP‘03), Cordoba, Spain, May 4–7, 2003, Paper #3313. 5. K. NIKITIN, N. TSUZUKI, Y. KATO T. ISHIZUKA and L. NGO, “Experimental Thermal-Hydraulics Comparison of Microchannel Heat Exchanger with Zigzag Channels and S-shaped Fins for Gas Turbine Reactors,” Proc. 15th Int’l. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-15) Nagoya, April 22–26, 2007, ICONE15-10826. 6. T. LAM, Y. KATO, K. NIKITIN, N. TSUZUKI and M. UTAMURA, “Empirical Correlations for Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a New Microchannel Hot Water Supplier,” Proc. Heat SET 2007, Intl. Conf. on Heat Transfer in Components and Systems for Sustainable Energy Technologies, Chambery, France, April 18–20, 2007. 7. T. SATO, “Gas Turbine Cycle,” p. 96, Sankaido Publishing Co., Tokyo, Japan (1976). 9 VI. CONCLUSIONSPDF Image | ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM WITH NUCLEAR REACTORS
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