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B = pollutant magnitude in fuel–input based units Eta = electrical efficiency (%) K = constant for units conversion and fuel-related properties In 2000, the US national average for grid power output-based NOx was 3.0 lb/MWh. Using an electrical efficiency of 32%, this metric corresponds to approximately 70 PPM NOx @ 15% O2. This level is 5X higher than typically achieved with natural-gas gas turbine power generators such as shown below in Table 1.2.1 for current microturbines. Hence, microturbines contain the combustor technology to reduce pollutants from power generation. In a distributed energy strategy, power generation devices would be located at or near the customer to improve delivered electrical efficiency and reliability. The electrical efficiency of these devices must exceed the grid efficiency to save energy. Moreover, their efficiency must significantly exceed the grid efficiency to provide a cost of electricity (COE) attractive to customers. That is, in simple terms, COE depends on equipment cost and life, fuel cost, system efficiency, and maintenance cost according to: COE = E/P/L + F/Eta + M Where: COE = cost of electricity ($/kWh) E = equipment cost ($) P = net output power (kW) L = equipment life (h) F = fuel cost ($/kWh) Eta = electrical efficiency (%) M = maintenance cost ($/kWh) COE is much more than converting fuel price via electrical efficiency. This concept applies to electricity delivered by the grid or by distributed devices. For the grid, economies of larger scale, and long lifetimes, beneficially reduce grid COE despite the low grid efficiency. On the other hand, the smaller scale of distributed power devices results in more costly equipment and maintenance per unit output. Therefore they require a higher efficiency “Eta” to reduce the fuel price contribution and thereby offset the equipment and maintenance price. By placing the units at the user, power reliability can be enhanced as issues such as associated with weather influences will be eliminated. While it is expected that most distributed power generation would operate parallel to the grid (i.e. provide an alternative power supply that offsets purchases of grid power), local power generation may also be configured to also provide back-up power capability (i.e., dual mode configuration – grid parallel or independent mode). This feature further enhances customer power reliability. Consideration such as these led to a set of goals for the Advanced Microturbine System program to foster the attractiveness of microturbines as a distributed powerplant. The goals addressed contributing factors to COE such as equipment price, life, and efficiency, 11PDF Image | ADVANCED MICROTURBINE SYSTEMS Final Report for Tasks 1 Through 4 and Task 6
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